Madina Lake are an American rock/alternative band formed in Chicago in 2005

In this photo, Madina Lake has some very dark, murky colours in the background. Around the edge of the backdrop, it is entirely black. Black connotes that they have a lot of power and aggression in their singing since it is a very dominant colour. Also, it conveys a very sinister mood of sadness and unhappiness. So the colour of black already illustrates the personality of the whole band and what their music is about: powerful and aggressive music and their lyrics are sad and unhappy. As you focus into the centre of the backdrop, the colours shown are dark, murky greys and greens. The dark tone of the colours still conveys the feeling of sadness, and the shadowy green expresses hardship and misfortune. This reveals that in their history and backgrounds, they have encountered times of hardship and misfortune. The texture of the backdrop itself, a wall, is very shabby and tattered with some large holes which have been ripped out from it. This gives the impression that they are rough, angry band and have a very rocky style. The presentation of the band members is actually quite smart, but has the casual effect as well. They are sat on a white sofa on a white floor which indicates that despite the background gives them a powerful, aggressive appearance, each individual has their tranquil, peaceful side. They are all wearing slightly frayed jeans, showing they are casual and relaxed. Their shirts are smart and well presented; this points out that they also have their formal side to them. This fashion is quite popularly worn by rock bands these days, so this shows that they are your modern, up to date rock band. The lighting in the picture is used quite effectively. It concentrates on the band and gradually fades out around the edge. This is so the audience focuses on the band. As the edge of the picture is in shadow, it gives a feeling that they like to be enclosed by darkness, giving them an aspect of mystery. The eyes of the members are in shadow as well, further adding the aspect of mystery. All members of Madina Lake have some very attention-grabbing hair styles. Each member has their own unique style which shows that they want to stand out from each other in their own way. For example, Mateo on the left has blond hair with a black stripe running through it. The blond connotes that he is a fun and optimistic guy, but the black implies he has power and mystery within his fun and optimistic character. The camera angle is slightly canted at a low angle. The canted angle suggests they like to be interesting and dramatic and portrays a sense of unease and disorientation to the audience, and the low angle implies superiority and that they have power over the audience. This fits in with the dark, powerful colours they have used in the photo. To complete the analyses of this photo, Madina Lake are positioned very close to one another, connoting that the band are a very intimately connected group. There facial expressions are quite directed to the audience. The expressions upon their face have a component of seriousness, especially where the eyes are looking directly at the audience to grab attention and give the feeling they are connecting with you, but they have a relaxed body gesture because of their forward lean, open legs and relaxed hand position. This illustrates they can be calm and composed. The fact the band is made of four members gives an advantage, because you can't really have a middle person to lead and dominate the whole band, giving each band member equal values.

Release of rare, awe-inspiring John Denver song coincides

Release of rare, awe-inspiring John Denver song coincides with his 70th birthday (1 888 PressRelease) In honor of the 70th birthday of the late and legendary singer/ songwriter John Denver on Dec. 31, acclaimed Indie recording artist Luanne Hunt releases what may have been his greatest musical work, â€Å"The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answer). † Denver did not record the tune. Hunt brings forth an emotional production, passionately delivering the song's timely and awe-inspiring message. Denver, CO – Coinciding with what would have been legendary singer/songwriter John Denver's 70th birthday on Dec. , chart-topping Indie recording artist Luanne Hunt releases his rare and powerful composition, â€Å"The Wandering Soul (Love Is the Answer). † Denver, who died in a plane crash in 1997 off the California coast, delivered perhaps his most profound message through the inspiring and timely ballad. The â€Å"Rocky Mountain High† singer stated In his autobiography that he wrote the tune In Santa Fe, N. M. around 1994. â€Å"l went off on a hike, and midway to where I was headed, the song I was trying to write (â€Å"The Wandering Soul†) Just came to me, fell from the sky,† Denver said In his book, â€Å"Take Me Home.Hunt says she recorded â€Å"The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answer)† to not only showcase what may have been Denver's finest work, but also to help others find healing, wholeness and a deeper meaning on their Journeys. â€Å"The first time I heard ‘The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answerl' I broke down and cried for a very long time,† said Hunt, who resides in Southern California and records on the Star Creek Entertainment label. â€Å"l knew I had to record It and felt certain It was meant for something much greater than I could even fathom. John's song definitely has been life-changing for me.Hunt's own musical Journey has been one of profound personal, creative and spiritual transformation. By focusing on her artistic vision, she found the strength to overcome devastating emotional wounds and follow her authentic path as a singer/ songwriter. Over the years, the Pennsylvania native has bullt an Impressive list of accomplishments and a worldwide fan base with her contemporary folk songs. Her 1 OF2 200/ CD â€Å"Breaking I nrougn† proaucea two nit singles on u s. ana European cnarts The enchanting â€Å"Solace In The Wind† reached No. 1 on the European Country MusicAssociation's chart (Belgium) in July 2010. The song also landed on the 2009 Grammy ballot in two categories: Best Country Song and Best Female Country Performance. In December 2011, Hunt's holiday tune â€Å"Christmas Without You† went to No. 1 on the European Country Music Association charts in France, Denmark and Austria. It also was the second most played song in Europe during that month. â€Å"The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answer)† is being utilized to raise funds for Forest Way Productions, a 501c3 charity dedicated to providing retreat opportunities conducive to spiritual growth.It also promotes creative projects designed to support a unified vision of spirituality in the world. â€Å"l am deeply moved by ‘The Wandering Soul (Love is the Answer),'† said Matthew Flickstein, founder of Forest Way Productions and Telly Award-winning documentary filmmaker of â€Å"With One Voice. † â€Å"The lyrics are exquisite and Luanne's voice and presence profoundly touch my heart. I can see how her voice and music can open people's eyes to the Divine and lovingly transform their hearts.

Human Relations Movement Essay

Human Relations Movement refers to those researchers of organizational development who study the behavior of people in groups, in particular workplace groups. It originated in the 1930s’ Hawthorne studies, which examined the effects of social relations, motivation and employee satisfaction on factory productivity. The movement viewed workers in terms of their psychology and fit with companies, rather than as interchangeable parts. â€Å"The hallmark of human-relation theories is the primacy given to organizations as human cooperative systems rather than mechanical contraptions. George Elton Mayo stressed the following: Natural groups, in which social aspects take precedence over functional organizational structures Upwards communication, by which communication is two way, from worker to chief executive, as well as vice versa. Cohesive and good leadership is needed to communicate goals and to ensure effective and coherent decision making (Wilson & Rosenfeld, Managing Organizations, McGraw Hill Book Company, London, p. 9. ) It has become a concern of many companies to improve the job-oriented interpersonal skills of employees. The teaching of these skills to employees is referred to as â€Å"soft skills† training. Companies need their employees to be able to successfully communicate and convey information, to be able to interpret others’ emotions, to be open to others’ feelings, and to be able to solve conflicts and arrive at resolutions. By acquiring these skills, the employees, those in management positions, and the customer can maintain more compatible relationships. (DuBrin, A. J. (2007). Human Relations Interpersonal Job-Oriented Skills, Pearson Prentice Hall, 9th. ed. , New Jersey, p. 2. ) Institutes where human relations are studied include: The Tavistock Institute, co-publishers of the Human Relations journal; the NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science; The Oasis School of Human Relations, Masters Degree in Globally Responsible Leadership (Oasis Press publishes human relations books and manuals); Trevecca Nazarene University, Bachelors Degree in Management and Human Relations for working adults; the University of Oklahoma offers a Bachelor of Arts in Human Relations, as well as a Master of Human Relations; Concordia University (Montreal, Canada) offers a Bachelor of Arts in Human Relations, as well as a Master of Human Systems Intervention.

Police should be trained to properly respond to those individuals who Essay

Police should be trained to properly respond to those individuals who are considered mentally disturbed or mentally challenged - Essay Example A number of factors have led to the increasing interaction between police and persons with mental illness. One is that sufficient funding which is needed to grow proportionally to the increased need of these individuals is not being withheld by community support systems. Furthermore, existing crisis response services are limited in scope and are often not well-integrated. Reductions in hospital beds and services result in hospital admission only for those in acute situation, and even then, only for very short periods of time. Moreover in some situations, several police respond to a person in mental health crisis as they are trained to respond to a usual criminal emergency situation, and with a show of force and authority they may in fact escalate the trouble to a point of risking injury or death unfortunately, most often to a person having mental health problem. ("Study in Blue and Grey: Police Interventions with People with Mental Illness," 2003) Thus, this shift from institutionali zed care to community-based care and the general lack of understanding and awareness to these issues have resulted in more persons with mental dysfunction in the community to come in contact with the police. Due to the lack of comprehensive, ongoing training of police officers in the recognition of mental illness and in mental health crisis intervention as well as the absence of contact and aid from mental health and emergency services, this study is made. This essay will provide step by step solutions to make the police officers properly responsive when dealing with people with mental incapacity. New Models for Police Response Several communities have realized that the usual orders must change, and that new models should be developed that would go well with the identified needs and assets in a certain community. Some of these would be based in the mental health system, some in the police system, some are a true collaboration, and some are based in the community itself. Following are examples of models which have met success in specific communities: Police/Mental Health Team This model encompasses a specialized mental health crisis intervention team, in which plain-clothed police and mental health professionals take action in unmarked police cars. These men defuses the situation, and ensures that the person with mental illness is dealt with properly with either the provision of an appropriate medical/psychiatric care, civil certification and hospitalization or appropriate arrest and detention with psychiatric evaluation. The team is sustained by psychiatric nurses on a mental health crisis line. These nurses are called by vets when team response or on-call support to regular officers is in need. Assistance from psychiatrists are as well necessary when providing on-call advice and attending on-the-spot certifications when necessary. Example: Vancouver's Car 87.(Canadian Mental Health Association [CMHA], 2005) Reception Centre With this model, the person which is recognized to have signs of mental illness is transported to a reception centre where specially trained police or mental health professionals conduct a more thorough assessment of the patient. If necessary, they refer that person to mental health services. Examples: Knoxville, Tennessee; Los Angeles, California. ("Study in

Gaming and gambling addiction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Gaming and gambling addiction - Research Paper Example Addicts should be provided with adequate help and treatment to get rid of the disease. However, we first need to define the gaming and gambling addiction? Secondly, roles of public and private organizations as well as individuals to stop and discourage online gaming and gambling should be well defined. Antonius has pointed out the same in his article when he say, â€Å" Studies have consistently demonstrated the existence of a small subgroup of video gamers that is seemingly ‘addicted’ to games. (Antonius et al. 205). Though initially the problem begun to erupt at a manageable scale but later on it expanded to a scale that attracted attentions of policy makers, developers and psychiatrists and there were all out efforts to address the issue. â€Å"This online component in gaming led to the initiation of (private and public) treatment programmers targeting gaming addiction. Consequently, there is increasing focus upon online games when studying video game addiction.â₠¬ . Number of research experts from all around the globe began to explore various aspects of the problem and theories are now established in game addiction. Antonius, while elaborating this talk about Korean and western researchers, â€Å"Researcher report specifically that Massive Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games (MMORPGs) are the main culprits in cases of online video game addiction.... s where the initial form of this addiction and now multiplayer online games have emerged as the most recent form that need more attention, involvement and time. â€Å"In the 1980s, games such as Centipede, Space Invaders, Pac Man, and Donkey Kong were popularized. These were single-player games against the machine and getting good at the game only meant a high score and improvement of the gamers’ eye-hand coordination. By the 1990s, gaming evolved from single-player games to gaming experiences. Gamers could become immersed in a virtual world that they helped to create. Games such as Doom and Quake were introduced that allowed players to create new rooms, customize their characters, and specify the kinds of weapons used.† (Young, 356). The advancement in the online and offline gaming were very fast and the new richer gaming features attracted the attention of most Internet users. Last two decades have seen an outburst of these games with ever advancing lucid graphics and interactive features. Obviously the grown attention of our adolescents to these trends resulted in decreased attention around their surroundings and academic activities. They may even not watch where they going because their face is buried in a game. They might also lose grip with reality because in the games they can be or do anything they want. â€Å"There are also studies that have claimed that online gaming addiction may be addictive because of self-report accounts of very excessive use of up to 80h a week† (Griffiths et al., 205-216). However, Griffiths has argued that excessive activity and addictive activity are two very different things (although admittedly they do overlap) (Griffiths, 191-197). But according to Antonius, â€Å"the present study contributes to the debate on video game addiction by

Critically assess the impact of either the US, Israel or Iran on the Essay

Critically assess the impact of either the US, Israel or Iran on the regional politics of the Middle East - Essay Example The leaders of both countries have been successful in pursuing common goals on security through the development of closer relations which are based on shared religious affinities and democratic values (Migdalovitz 2006). Israel is the major recipient of U.S. aid and it purchases most of its weapon systems from America and in so doing Israel has been able to maintain a qualitative military edge in the Middle East. Israel is facing serious security threats from the Arab Spring presented by instabilities in Lebanon, Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula, Syria and Jordan as these political movements are planning attacks on Israel. This move has made the relationship between Israel and U.S. to worsen given that Israel perceive that United States is not concerned about its welfare but just to attain its goal. However, it is the contribution of the US that has discouraged the outbreak of major Israel-Arab interstate conflict for over 40 years (Huband 2006). The U.S.-Israel relationship The relati onship between U.S. and Israel is not based on friendship but rather on different interests of the two countries in the Middle East. ... allistic missiles as well as bring to an end the Islamist inspired terrorism such as Hamas, Hezbollah, al-Qaeda and other Islamists and Jihadists groups. Given that the region has not experienced peace for a long time, the relationship is geared at enhancing a form of stability through promotion of pro-Western regimes like Jordan’s. In achieving this, the relationship will manage to restore peace and normalization between the Arab community and Israel since Israel has been in conflict with Palestine government for a considerable long time. The challenge facing the relationship is that they respond and prioritize to these challenges differently. The difference in strategies and policies preferred by the two countries has increasingly cause tension on the relationship as they are seen to undermine the interest of the other nation. For instance, Israel view American policy to be naivete in the Middle Eastern diplomacy as it brings more consequences to Israel. On the other hand, t he US considers Israel to be insufficiently attentive to its interests since most of its actions have been detrimental. The two states are different in some ways, as the US is a superpower whereas Israel is a regional power and this presents them with different concerns (Malka 2011). In respect to this, the two sides should be ready to accommodate each other regardless as in so doing; resentments and misunderstandings that have continually mounted the relationship will be dealt with. Honesty, openness and lesser partisan polemics will enhance sustenance of this relationship. The US-Israel relationship faces differences in the Arab Spring goal. After the revolutions took place in the Arab world that transforms the politics in middle east, the two countries found themselves supporting different

Cell biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cell biology - Essay Example 2010). Without ECM, higher life forms such as mammals, or truly any multi-cellular organism, could not possibly exist. When issues occur with the ECM, though, many problems can then arise. This is seen through the role of the ECM in two pathological states: healing after myocardial infarction, and the degenerative phase of multiple sclerosis. Extracellular Matrix in Healthy Mammals The definition of ECM is extremely broad, now more so than in past years. As it is currently defined in the scientific literature, ECM includes â€Å"all secreted molecules that are immobilized outside cells† (van Horssen et al. 2007). Every body tissue has ECM between the cells. In every case, the ECM plays some vital role in the functioning of that tissue. For example, the ECM of the lens of the eyes is responsible for cellular contraction. Cellular contraction, in turn, is what regulates growth rate of the cells on the surface of the eye (Wormstone 2004). The ECM of the periodontal ligament, comm only known as the gum between the jawbone and teeth, is extremely strong. Without it, the teeth would not be able to remain attached to the jawbone, which is vital to the development and maintenance of the bony jaw. This tissue gains such strength mainly through the levels of the collagen type I protein, which are extremely high in the ECM of the periodontal ligament (Bildt et al. 2009). One specialized type of ECM is the the basement membrane. Recently, the role of the basement membrane has been expanded past its previous place as a simple structural feature. This membrane has been shown to be an extremely important regulator of cell behaviour. It helps control tissue compartmentalization and â€Å"sends signals to epithelial cells about the external microenvironment†, telling the cells where to grown and how (Kalluri 2003). Balance between creation of new extracellular matrix and its degradation is required for the maintenance of healthy body tissues. This is accomplished t hrough production of matrix metalloproteinases, or MMPs, which are enzymes produced to break down this matrix. The cells which produce these MMPs are known as fibroblasts. Conversely, fibroblasts are also responsible for the synthesis of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases. These inhibitors, known as TIMPs, unsurprisingly impede the degradation activity of the MMPs (Bildt et al. 2009). ECM is also responsible for another process in the maintenance of healthy tissue: apoptosis. ECM regulates apoptosis, or programmed cell death, through intracellular signalling (van Horssen et al. 2007). Extracellular matrix could be used as biological scaffolding material for regenerative medicine (Badylak et al. 2009). It can be â€Å"decellularized† and the ECM alone used to support new transplanted cells (Soto-Gutierrez et al. 2010). Also relevant to regenerative medicine is the fact that ECM has â€Å"constructive remodeling† capability, though the mechanism behind this is not y et fully understood (Badylak et al. 2009) ECM seems like the Holy Grail of biological scaffolding, as it can be constructed and then completely degraded through â€Å"bioactive molecules† that are produced naturally within the body (Badylak 2007). Functioning of the ECM in Disease States With the extremely broad and vital roles played by the

Communication Problems and Recommendations Case Study - 1

Communication Problems and Recommendations - Case Study Example It is evident that the employees within the company are not pleased with the tendency of Mr. XYZ to hire family members and friends. This has persisted because the employees have not been able to communicate their displeasure to the owner of the company. It is therefore recommended that the management of XYZ to establish a two-way communication process between the management so that the employees will be allowed to talk out their concerns. This would be achieved through forums and meetings where open discussions for improvement could be encouraged (Davis 278). It is through this that Mr. XYZ would be aware of the lateness of his son and the needs of the employees for the successful and efficient attainment of business goals and objectives. The behavior of Larry, Carlos, Juan, and Manny demonstrate a case where effective communication is disregarded by these four Spanish speaking individuals. This is revealed by the fact that they share jokes amongst themselves without involving the non-Spanish speaking individuals. It is evident that these individuals shut others away from communications. Moreover, they assume that other people would not understand what they are talking about. In this regard, it is true to assert that these individuals are barriers to effective communication. It is also possible that the Spanish speakers have not been told how important communication is in any social or professional setting. In the light of this case, it is recommended for those who get in contact with the Spanish speakers demonstrate to them the importance of communication so that they would not shut others from trying to initiate a conversation. Additionally, the cultural or ethnic element within an organization or social interactio n should be prevented from being a barrier to communication (Yi-Hui 334).

An Analysis of the Movie ( Mystic River ) Assignment

An Analysis of the Movie ( Mystic River ) - Assignment Example The politics concerned with planning in Mystic River is stemmed from planning issues. The freedom of staying in slum community and environment raises the issue of planning in the movie. Furthermore, the freedom in the slum dwelling is not always enjoyed due to higher density demographic, similarly, the high density population causes the community to be too close, physically. The high population in the urban area poses obstruction to planning and other related issues. The communal obstruction in the movie has similar results that usually invoke changes among the communities. The planning politics in the film illustrate positions of public welfare where the personal gains and interest is the main protagonist. The planning politics began with water issues and overall welfare, and the effect of political affairs on the environmental nature. The Boston environment is maximized to suit the desires of the located citizens. Analysis of Mystic River and urban planning involved coordination of time and speed, which is juxtaposed with geography and history. The director of the movie focused on the relation between the cinematic space and urban planning. Since the special categories of the movie based on its topographies, location, site, and settings have changed in the entire movie. The movie integrates that understanding between geography and history without giving one a privilege (Belly, 14). Talking about the limited liability in urban development, is important to note that Lynch discovered the five elements like landmarks, nodes, edges, and paths compared to those that build the image cities (Peterson,119). In the film, the urban dwellers used social contact and personal communication to make personal connection in Boston city. Such networks in the film include the dating agencies, clubs, and public ballrooms. The network served the characters that are desperate and lonely; in addition, they served those that are happy

Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Philosophy - Essay Example †¦ And third, there must be an agent whose activity enables the cognitive power and its object to make contact† (MacDonald, 1998). In sensory vision, this agent is most often called light, which illuminates the objects around us and make it possible for us to see them. For cognition, it is proposed that there is an intellectual light, which makes it possible for us to understand the objects that are being placed in front of us. Augustine developed this idea of Plato’s into a Christian conception by describing the source of intellectual light as Truth or God, presenting it as evidence of God’s work within our minds. This interpretation of intellectual light as Divine Illumination had significant impact on Augustine’s theories regarding the soul, including what the soul was capable of doing and how it related to the body, as well as his development of a ‘psychological model’ of the Trinity. Augustine’s teachings indicate that it is only through Divine Light that we are able to come to the universal truths of our existence. Although we are capable of communicating and sharing ideas, it is only through the activities of God within our souls that we are able to receive the true light of understanding and knowledge. â€Å"My words give the listener an idea that he can then verify for himself in light of God’s illumination. Illumination is what allows us to go from mere true belief to knowledge. Illumination provides justification† (Pasnau, 2002). As proof that God exists, Augustine used the example of a tree. â€Å"He said that we see a tree because it is there to be seen. †¦ Eternal truths are also there, they are part of an intelligible world of truth. We grasp them intuitively. †¦ He said that if the human imagination and its products reflect the changeable human mind, eternal truths reflect the existence of an eternal being† (†Å"Augustine†, n.d.). Based on Augustine’s principles, the soul is essentially that part of our

Ethnography report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ethnography report - Essay Example The first challenge that I had to face in order to complete my task was to find the appropriate location where I could conduct my research. It had to be the kind of place where I could get in touch with people from different ethnicities in a setting that they are used to, a place they frequented most. Attending Queens College has been greatly helpful in my quest, as it had all that I wanted. Here, I chose the International Community Students Club, recognized for the Students Exchange Programs it conducts. I wanted to study its purpose and the kind of support it provides for its members. Since I am an immigrant myself, I was comfortable with the idea of researching a club that dealt with international students, and it gave me an opportunity to get as close as I can to people with different cultures, in a setting that I desired. Before I go any further, I would like to share my personal perceptions about clubs. Clubs, societies and support groups are a great way for like-minded people to come together in order to pursue a common goal. The whole idea of doing something you like with many others who share the same feelings is very appealing. As Klein puts it, "What better way to stay connected, active and focused than to unwind with peers who enjoy fun and common interests?" The club I chose for my report is unique, in a way different to most other clubs. It is truly a â€Å"melting pot† of sorts, representing different countries, philosophies, customs, cultures and much more, where people simply bond with and support each another. They have a lot in common, starting from the fact that they are all strangers in a new country. It is my personal belief that exchange students and children of immigrants strive harder than the native students do, in order to achieve even more. They are more self-driven, determined to achieve goal(s) set and expected by their peers, and desire to make everyone in their native country proud. They wish to please everyone in their co mmunity, their parents and relatives. These students try to be exceptional in academics and have a commitment towards fulfilling the obligations they have towards others and themselves. Their financial backgrounds also play a pivotal role in shaping their behavior and objectives. The high cost of living and studying in foreign countries often molds the mind-set and lifestyle of students and their parents. For immigrant students, financial hardships can be laborious and stressful in all aspects of their lives, and they turn towards loans, scholarships and sponsors. â€Å"A number of students have merely toned down spending habits that had been fed by boom times back home† (Archibold). This has put these students in a precarious predicament. This, to a great extent, explains the urge that always lurks in their minds to achieve their goals. My earlier experience with another student’s club (the Caribbean Student Club) had been a very beneficial one. I bonded with others w ith whom it was easier for me to relate to. The notion that we are all in this together gave me a certain comfort. Each club has a purpose, and serves a special function for the welfare of its members at large. My endeavor is to find out if this is a reasonable statement and if the Queens College International Community Students Club is true to its value. Commentary # 1 The reason for the existence of a club is to provide a connection, making a network of people with similar motives. The purpose of this excerpt is to explain just that. Soon after a class discussion at noon, on Thursday, March 24 (12:25 pm to be precise), I headed over to the office of the

History of Nursing Homes Essay Example for Free

History of Nursing Homes Essay Today, there are approximately 16,100 nursing homes in the U. S. with approximately 1. 5 million residents (www. cdc. gov). However historically, the sick, disabled, and aged were cared for at home by family members. Changes in technology and social changes have created a shift in how we care for our elderly and disabled, and there is evolution in geriatric care that continues today (Morris, 1995). Nurses have had a huge role in revolutionizing the care for our elderly and for creating what is the modern nursing home. Caring for the old age, or geriatric nursing, is often not viewed as being as prestigious as other specialties in nursing. Despite the growing elderly population and the fact that 46% of all Registered Nurses will be providing direct care to the elderly, the majority of nursing students still do not receive any specialized content in geriatric nursing (Ebersole Touhy, 2006). Later on, we will discuss the development of geriatric nursing as a specialty and as it relates to the history of long-term care. In the sixteenth century, we began to see institutions developed to care for a variety of people in need. This did not just include the elderly or disabled, but any dependent poor, sick, orphaned children, widows, insane, and even minor criminals. These institutions could be considered a predecessor to the nursing homes that eventually followed (Morris, 1995). Poor laws in Europe gave rise to these institutions referred to as workhouses, almshouses, or poorhouses. They provided very minimal nursing care, and the care was often provided by â€Å"pauper nurses† who were not trained and usually inmates themselves, often alcoholics. Agnes Jones, a Nightingale trained nurse visited a Liverpool Infirmary in 1864 and reported â€Å"deplorable† conditions. She was forced to dismiss 35 pauper nurses for drunkenness and stated that bed clothes had not been washed for months (Ebersole Touhy, 2006). These poorhouses were common in the United States as well and often had the same deplorable conditions. Carolyn Bartlett Crane, the Chairman of Charity Organization Department of Women’s Civic Improvement League of Kalamazoo, MI attempted to address these problems first with the Michigan State Nurses’ Association in 1906 and again with the Nurses’ Associated Alumni of the United States in 1907 with pleas for nursing care in these almshouses. In her 1907 paper, â€Å"Almshouse Nursing: the Human Need; the Professional Opportunity†, she described the county almshouse as a â€Å"hospital with the hospital part left out. † She went on to talk about how the specialization of institutions for certain groups, such as asylums and orphanages, left the elderly and infirm to be the majority of those left with no other options besides the poorhouses (as cited in Ebersole Touhy, 2006 p. 8). Little progress was made. In 1912, the American Nurses’ Association Board of Directors appointed an Almshouse Committee to oversee housing in these institutions. Progress continued to be slow. From 1910 to 1920 focus was taken away from elder care due to the war (Ebersole Touhy, 2006). An article published in the American Journal of Nursing in 1930 by Munson, R. N. discussed the conditions in the almshouses and lack of quality nursing care. She states, â€Å"Modern nursing in England and in this country was started with the purpose of ‘cleaning up’ just such conditions in hospitals as are still found in almshouses. † She proposed that these small almshouses be consolidated into larger facilities that are better managed (1930). Morris describes the factors that have led to the need for the care that nursing homes provide today. They describe an area of healthcare when a person is not acutely ill and in need of hospital care, but is perhaps chronically ill and cannot return independently to live in his or her home. This â€Å"middle† is ever changing and is affected by two factors: technology and social change. As we discussed earlier, care for the elderly and infirm had largely been done by individual families. Poorhouses and almshouses arose to meet the need for anyone who did not have family to care for them or means to care for themselves. The need increased in the U. S. as the immigrant population rose and there was a shift from extended to nuclear families. A child born in 1900 had a life expectancy of only forty-seven years old. As medical technology, for example, infection control, rapidly developed, the population of elderly people increased. With the rise in aged population, there was an increase in chronic disabilities associated with age (1995). In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, living standards increased. The poorhouses began to become a thing of the past as there was a movement to specialize care for certain groups. For example: asylums for mentally ill, TB sanatoriums, veterans’ hospitals, and orphanages. There was homecare provided by public health nurses, but many refused to care for the chronically ill (Morris, 1995). As mentioned earlier, the elderly and infirm were among the last left in the poorhouses. Thanks to the efforts of many, including many nurses, there was a push to provide better care and bring trained nurses into these almshouses. By 1940, increased expectations for care and the Social Security Act led to the rise of the modern nursing home. The Social Security Act provided a means for elderly who could no longer work and widows to have financial means to pay for care. Entrepreneurs quickly took advantage and homes for the elderly were often as much for profit as for care. By the 1960s, scandals and patient neglect led to increased regulation and public control over expansion (Morris, 1995). Medicare and Medicaid provided more money for care of the elderly and also further increased government control. Rapid increases in technology and new treatments led to a further rise in the aged and vulnerable population and increasing costs. Nursing homes became linked to local hospitals and doctor referrals. Some homes specialized their services to include services for cognitive impairment or active rehabilitation. Government reimbursement and regulation became more complicated. Nursing homes became less â€Å"homes† and more medical facilities. They operated with a limited nursing staff and very little physician presence. It continues today that nursing homes face contradictory pressures to accept sicker and more difficult patients while at the same time maintaining a â€Å"home-like† atmosphere. All this while limiting costs (Morris, 1995). As more specialized care for the elderly developed, it was apparent that the needs of the elderly were not as simple as taking the principles of nursing care and applying them to the aged. Geriatric nursing has only become recognized as a specialty within the past fifty years. However, the origins of gerontological nursing can be traced all the way back to Florence Nightingale who once was a superintendent in an institution we would call a nursing home today. The clinical study of the aged can be traced back much further to Hippocrates. A Viennese physician, Ignatiz Nascher coined the word â€Å"geriatrics† in a 1909 New York Medical Journal article. In 1935, a physician named Marjorie Warren established an elderly concentrated practice with a concentration on environment, rehabilitation and motivational methods (Ebersole Touhy, 2006). Geriatric nursing is a unique specialty in that it was developed by nurses themselves. Other nursing specialties were first developed in medicine and then carried over to nursing. The reason for this difference is that medicine so often concentrates on curing illness and prolonging life. As Ebersole states, â€Å"Old people often have little life left and therefore are unattractive subjects. † Nurses, in contrast, have always sought to prevent illness and alleviate suffering (Ebersole Touhy, 2006). It seems fitting that nursing, and not medicine, would give birth to this specialty and that is something that nurse’s should take pride in. However, as mentioned earlier, geriatric nursing is often considered the least prestigious of nursing concentrations. With the continued rise of the elderly population as the baby-boomer generation ages, nurses should be prepared to care for elderly in some capacity no matter which specialty they choose. It is unfortunate that nursing schools often provide little material on geriatrics as a unique population. Care for the elderly has continued to make slow, but consistent progress even in more recent years. Although we are leaps and bounds from the almshouse, there has still been serious abuse and neglect in nursing homes and cries for change in the way we house and care for our elderly. In addition to more people receiving homecare services that allow them to live at home longer, there are other movements to change the nursing home itself. William Thomas describes an alternative concept that hopes to revolutionize long-term care, the Eden Alternative. He states, â€Å"The modern American nursing home is being crushed between the intrinsic weaknesses of the institution and the rising expectations of a new generation of elders. We are witnesses to its destruction. Like the leper colony, the tuberculosis sanitarium and insane asylum, the nursing home is about to be heaved onto the ash heap of history (Thomas, 2003 p. 42). † In 1992, the Eden Alternative began as a grant project in New York. It has changed over the years, but is based on a set of principles that aim to make facilities more like homes. The focus is on treating the residents as unique individuals first and patients second. Some changes that differ from traditional nursing homes include environmental changes like carpets, plants, and allowing pets and personal items, single rooms, and family style meals. Staff at Eden facilities do not dress in scrubs and whenever possible, a child daycare is on site to increase staff satisfaction as well as bringing more life into the facility. Currently only about 2% of U. S. nursing homes have adopted this new format despite the statistics showing significant reductions in behavioral incidents, decubitus ulcers, bedfast residents, use of restraints, and staff absenteeism. There was also an increase in census (Thomas, 2003). Going a step beyond the Eden Alternative, an even more recent development has been the â€Å"Green House† with a focus on smaller being better. These homes aim to blend seamlessly into a community and house up to eight residents in what is more than a home-like atmosphere, but very much a home. The technology would still be utilized, but as in the original Eden model, it should be woven into daily life without interfering with it. So far, Green Houses have been able to meet the increasing challenges of providing state of the art care and keeping costs down while complying with state and federal regulations (Thomas, 2003). In conclusion, the nursing home and geriatric nursing have developed to meet the needs of a changing society with ever increasing medical advances and a larger than ever population of elderly. Nurses have been a huge part in the development of what has become the modern nursing home. As the geriatric nursing specialty has grown, there has also been greater understanding of the unique needs of our aging population. It is clear that despite the advances made, there is still much dissatisfaction in how we care for our elderly population and a lot of room for improvement. New alternatives are being developed and it will be fascinating to be in the field of nursing to witness the changes that are yet to come.

Soft Sediment Communities

Soft Sediment Communities CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Overview of Soft Sediment Communities Soft sediments are the most common marine habitat on earth (Wilson, 1990). The habitats include sandy beaches, estuaries, mudflats and salt marshes. The communities consist of organisms which live on, or in, the bottom of a water body. There are generally four types of soft sediment communities which can be classified according to their size. They are microbenthos (1.0 mm) and megabenthos (> 10.0 mm). This study is focused on macrofauna, also known as macrobenthos. They are invertebrates that live on or in sediment, or attached to hard substrates. The common soft-sediment communities that can be found in intertidal areas are Annelida, Crustacea and Mollusca (Munari Mistri, 2008). Estuarine and coastal ecosystems consist of important components of macrofauna (Borja et al., 2000). They connect primary producersand organic matter sources such as phytoplankton and detritus apart from being economically, ecological, and recreationally importantfish and crustaceans (Rà ¶nnbà ¤ck et al., 2007; Bremner, 2008).Soft sediment communities provide many ecosystem services that help to maintain good water and sediment quality (Rà ¶nnbà ¤ck et al., 2007). Filter feeders such as bivalves remove particles from the water column, which may result in enhanced water clarity (MacIsaac, 1996). Given the importance of light in shallow water estuarine ecosystems, filter feeding may improve shallow water habitat for submerged aquatic plants and benthic microalgae. The degradation of some pollutants is enhanced by sediment mixing (bioturbation) of the infaunal macrobenthos due to stimulation ofmicrobial processes. The enhanced coupling of key nitrogen transformations in the presence of benthic macrofauna can lead to the production of nitrogen gas, which escapes to the atmosphere, thereby reducing nitrogen loading in the ecosystem. Macrobenthos have been used for decades asindicators of environmental statusand trends in estuaries and coastal areas because infauna are mostly sedentary organisms and they respond to local environmental impacts (Pearson Rosenberg, 1978; Borja et al., 2000; Wildsmith et al., 2009, 2011). They cover a wide range of physiological tolerances, living positions, type of feeding and trophic interactions (Elliott et al., 2002). Macrobenthic assemblages respond relatively quickly to habitat disturbances (Borja et al., 2000). They are important components of aquaticfood webs (Rà ¶nnbà ¤ck et al., 2007)and they affect transport and cycling of nutrients and toxicants. In addition, there are data on their patterns of variation, their responses to different forms of disturbance are known and they show similar responses at different levels of taxonomic resolution (Warwick, 1988). They form an important component of the estuarine food-web, supporting commercial and non-commercial species. They therefore represent an ideal assemblage to measure environmental change and will continue to be used to represent an important biological component of soft sediments. Understanding how different components of benthos respond to changes in properties of sediments is therefore essential in determining how much, if any, redundancy there is in this system and how much impacts on the sediments themselves are tolerated by the fauna. From this study it is clear that such experiments need replication at multiple scales and across multiple habitats before any general responses will be identified. By knowing the importance of soft sediment communities, the health and quality of an ecosystem can be determined without using any harmful chemical indicators. 1.2 Objectives The objectives of this project are: To investigate the abundance and distribution of soft sediment communities in Tanjung Bungah, Pulau Pinang. To relate the environmental variables with soft sediment communities distribution and abundance in Penang intertidal area. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 The Ecology of Soft Sediment Communities Macrofauna make up a large component of the food web in estuarine ecosystems, connecting primary producers to top producers and playing an important role in system dynamics (Herman et al., 1999; Platell et al., 2006). Bottom macrobenthic communities include a great variety of organisms and generally a large number of species and they are extremely complicated (Meire et al., 2005). In marine macrobenthic organisms, polychaetes is one of the most significant groups and may make up more than half of the organisms in soft bottom habitats. They are often the predominant macrobenthic taxon in these sediments in terms of numbers, both numerically of species and abundance (Wildsmith et al., 2009, 2011). Polychaetes could hence be good indicators of species richness and assemblage models in macrobenthic assemblages (Fauchald Jumars, 1979). Some polychaete species were greatly opportunistic and responded quickly to environmental disturbances (Norkko et al., 2006; Wildsmith et al., 2011). 2.2 The Importance of Soft Sediment Communities Invertebrates constitute part of marine ecosystems and play important roles to support the function and stability of the food chains and ecosystems upon which other animals rely (Snelgrove, 1998). They regulate populations of other organisms (plant and animal) through predation, parasitism and herbivory, and help maintain water quality by filtering large amounts of water during feeding (Ponder et al., 2002). Invertebrates are directly involved in ecosystem stabilization, shoreline protection, energy and nutrient transfer and provision of habitat (Ponder et al., 2002). They also help in climate stabilization and re-mineralization and play an important role in the cycling of nutrients, breakdown of plant matter and other detritus and provide habitat for other species (Ponder et al., 2002). 2.2.1 Environmental indicator Members of the macrofauna community serve as useful biological indicators of environmental change and key elements of many marine and estuarine monitoring programs, due to their sedentary lifestyles and reduced responses to environmental changes (Tweedley et al., 2012). Therefore, the spatial distribution of macrofauna relative to environmental factors is fundamental to the understanding of estuarine ecology (Herman et al., 1999). Polychaetes are valuable marine organisms which can tolerate contamination because they live at the interface of water-sediment (Wildsmith et al., 2009, 2011). This layer is both biologically reactive and chemically active (Rhoads Young, 1970). Polychaetes occupy almost all marine and estuarine sediments (Fauchald, 1977) and are often the predominant constituent of the macrobenthic communities both in terms of individuals and number of species (Hutchings, 1998; Morin, 1999; Mills, 1969; Rhoads Young, 1970; Van Hoey et al., 2004; Ward Hutchings, 1996; Warwick, 1988). Polychaetes carry out an important role in ecosystem processes of macrofauna assemblages such as recycling, pollutant metabolism and in the interment of organic matter (Hutchings, 1998). 2.3 Factors Affecting Soft Sediment Communities The abundance and distribution of soft sediment communities were influenced by both biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors such as competition and predation (Rhoads Young, 1970) while abiotic factors such as variation in salinity, turbidity, sediment grain size, total organic carbon, and metal contamination, affect estuarine macrofauna (Kinne, 1966; Remane Schlieper, 1971; McLusky Elliot, 2004). 2.3.1 Salinity The influence of salinity in particular is an important factor in estuarine macrofaunal diversity. Generally, studies have reported a positive correlation between biodiversity and salinity (Holland et al., 1987; Jorcin, 1999; Ysebaert Herman, 2002; Gimenez et al., 2005). Because variation in salinity differs in accordance with tidal movements and freshwater inputs into estuaries, the distribution of macrofauna and the macrobenthic community can differ between dry and rainy seasons. 2.3.2 Sediment Grain Size In estuaries, salinity and sediment grain size have been found to be the most important environmental variables controlling the diversity and distributional patterns of macrofauna (Absalo, 1991; Yoo Hong, 1996; McLusky Elliot, 2004). Hong Yoo (1996) suggested that the particle size and disturbance of the sediment may have been the most important factors controlling the macrobenthic community. Soft-sediment communities are unusual in the rate at which the nature of the physical environment can change (Wilson, 1990). Most sedimentary particles are smaller than the resident organisms, infauna (Wilson, 1990). The activities of the infauna can dramatically change the nature of the environment over time periods of hours or days (Wilson, 1990). For instance, burrowing infauna may increase the porosity of the sediment (Rhoads, 1974). 2.3.3 Total organic carbon Population dynamics of benthic suspension feeders, deposit feeders and subsurface feeders are known to respond differently according to nature of inputs, plankton and/or organic food matter (Austen et al., 1991; Beukema et al., 2002). The latter two groups are less affected since they utilize a large pool of organic matter in the sediment, which is constantly being recycled. In tropical region, Wolanski et al. (1992) hypothesized that in mangrove swamp or creek system, the circulation processes are highly complicated leading to novel sediment transport regimes that could in turn account for the chemistry and biology of the recipient water. Abundance and Composition of Soft Sediment Communities The study of soft sediment communities was extensive in certain temperate countries especially Australia while other countries in the tropics are lacking in their data. Further studies have yet to be conducted in tropical coastlines due and increasing human population growth, pollution, urbanization at an alarming rate (Hatcher et al., 1989). Distribution of Soft Sediment Communities in the World In East Antarctica, Stark (2000) had investigated the distribution and abundance of soft-sediment macrobenthos around Casey Station. Two locations were compared – two potentially polluted locations and two control locations in an asymmetrical design (Stark, 2000). Stark (2000) found out that the dominant assemblage were crustaceans while polychaetes’ assemblage was smaller in number, about 3-10% of individuals at the locations sampled. Another study in Brown Bay, Antartic which was carried out by Stark et al. (2005) revealed significant correlations between the presence of contaminants and the distribution and composition of soft sediment-communities over very small spatial scales. Combinations of certain metals, for example Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Tin (Sn) and Lead (Pb) and sediment grain size were the variables that best linked the community patterns at Brown Bay. This is further supported by previous studies in Antartic where benthic assemblages probably patchy due to local environmental conditions (Stark, 2000; Stark et al. 2003). In England, annelids were found to be the most abundant group followed by crustaceans, molluscs, echinoderms and others (bryozoans and cnidarians) with 34.5%, 20.0%, 16%, 2.5% and 27% respectively (Bolam et al., 2008). Sediment grain size significantly affects the abundance of macrofauna along the English Channel (Bolam et al., 2008). In Australia, polychaetes were found the highest, and crustaceans were the lowest in macrofauna abundance (Morrisey et al., 1992). In Norway, environmental variables such as productivity, temperature and sediment grain size played a vital role in determining pattern of species richness (Gray, 2002). In Germany, the most abundant taxonomic group was gastropods, followed by oligochaetes, polychaetes and crustaceaans with 87%, 6%, 6% and 2% abundance respectively (Schà ¼ckel et al., 2013). The main causal factors for the different distribution patterns of intertidal macrofauna species which results in characteristic zonation patterns were sediment grain size and food availability, expressed in chloropohyll a contents (Schà ¼ckel et al., 2013). In Italy, the highest numbers of species that were identified were for Annelida which recorded 108 species, Crustacea recorded 69 species, and Mollusca recorded 52 species (Munari Mistri, 2008). Changes in the composition of assemblages of local species and the dominance of annelids species cannot be explained by only one factor (Lardicci et al., 1993). The factors were linked to biotic and hydrodynamic determinants, dissolved oxygen, grain size and organic content of the sediments (Munari Mistri, 2008). Distribution of Soft Sediment Communities in Asia In Qeshm Island of Iran, Nassaj et al. (2010) investigated the abundance and distribution of macrofauna in Salakh coastal region waters (Qeshm Island-Persian Gulf). Nassaj et al. (2010) found that Polychaeta (54.14%) were the most dominant group followed by the Crustacean (27.24%), Amphipods (9%), Gastropoda (8%), Bivalvia (7%), Copepoda (2%) and other groups (4%). In Korea, Yu et al. (2012) carried out a research on the effects of environmental variables on the distribution of macrofauna in the Han River Estuary during summer and spring. The dominant species were polychaetes during July, 2006 and March, 2007 (Yu et al., 2012). The most important factor was salinity and other factors such as sediment grain size and dissolved oxygen being secondary (Yu et al., 2012). Distribution of Soft Sediment Communities in Malaysia In Pulau Pinang, the high percentage of organic matter has shown a positive relation with abundance, diversity and richness of macrobenthic (Gholizadeh, Yahya, Talib, Ahmad, 2012). High percentages of sediment with grain size ≠¥125 ÃŽ ¼m revealed to have an increased in macrobenthic abundance (Gholizadeh, Yahya, Talib, Ahmad, 2012). This may aid in expounding the higher abundance of macrobenthic organisms, particularly for the deposit feeders. It has been reported that the sediment type (sand vs. mud) is one of the parameters responsible for the spatial distribution of macrobenthic families according to feeding kinds (Rhoads Young, 1970; Hutchings, 1998; Van Hoey et al., 2004).

Elites in Representative Democracy

Elites in Representative Democracy Living Political Ideas Representative democracies will always need elites, Discuss. A Representative democracy is a form of government which is based on the principles of representatives who have been selected by the people; it can be argued that representative democracies will always need elites. This essay will firstly examine the notion of Representative Democracies in order to gain an understanding of its key components using the political ideas of both Edmund Burke and James Madison who were both in favour of Representative democracy. Elitism is a theory which emphasises the importance of a small elite group amongst society, links between Elitism theory and democracy will be analysed using the ideas of various Elite theorists. It can be argued that even though representative democracies aim to take into account the opinions and views of the majority this isn’t necessary the case since only a minority of society choose to participate in the political process. To conclude this essay, theories of populism will be discussed and also the argument that globali sation has aided in creating a greater number of elites in representative democracies. Representative Democracies are ones in which citizens within a country elect representatives to make decisions for them. Elections must be free and fair and the political party which receives the majority of votes forms the government[1]. The political theorist Edmund Burke supported the notion of representative democracy but saw the title ‘representative’ as depending on how much members of the public were able to rely on their representatives[2]. According to Burke, â€Å"your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion†[3]. As with Burke, James Madison gave support towards the rationales of representative democracy. According to Madison public views and opinions can be refined and enlarged when passed through a body of elected citizens. Madison also argued that Representative government forces elections themselves to provide a clarification of public issues, and t hose able to withstand the election process are likely to be able to represent the true interests of all citizens[4]. Elite theorists argue that individuals who are considered objectively superior to others should hold more superior positions within society[5]. Elitists believe that society comprises of three different types of people; firstly there is a supreme all-seeing leader who possesses unrivalled authority and secondly, there is‘warrior’ elite who is distinguished by its capacity for self-sacrifice. Finally, there are the masses that are weak and ignorant, their destiny is simply obedience[6]. According to Elitist theorist Mosca, modern elites have superior organisational skills which were necessary in gaining political power; he also asserted that all forms of social organization would be impossible without a ruling class[7]. Mosca states that: â€Å"Those who hold and exercise State Power are always a minority, and that below them lies a numerous class of people who never participate in real terms in government are subject to the will of the former; we may call them the ruled†[8]. Elite theorist Michel’s goes even through by suggesting the inevitability of elite rule as the â€Å"iron law of oligarchy†. According to this democracy is paradoxical and therefore impossible since democracy cannot exist without organisation and organisation requires elites. The ‘Iron Law of Oligarchy’, asserts that real democracy is unable to exist without becoming an oligarchy, an oligarchy is a form of government in which all power is vested in a few dominant individuals[9]. The two key classical elite theorists Mosca and Pareto differ in their view of which resources elites utilise, but both agree that the state and the civil society are characterised by an inevitable division of power between elites and the masses. Mosca sees elites to possess various organisational skills; elite theorist Pareto is more militant concerning the physical and mental strength which determine their suitability for government[10]. It can be argued that in any Representative Democracy, elites will still be present. The United Kingdom is a Representative Democracy this is because all citizens over the age of 18 are able to vote and the political party which receives the most amounts of votes is elected[11]. Regardless of this though the United Kingdom has extremely low levels of turnout and research has shown that it’s often those with higher levels of education and income are more likely to turnout than there less affluent counterparts. This therefore demonstrates the ideas put forward by Elite theorist since in a Representative Democracy only a small number of the electorate are having their opinions accounted for and those that are participating are likely to be considered members of an affluent elite within society. According to Manin, Elites do still play a role in Representative Democracy. This is because people are selected based upon uncommon characteristics which are valued by voters. Voters select these distinctive qualities that they would like to see in their representatives. These qualities vary from a variety of things for example their uncommon ability to articulate and promote a particular political opinion[12]. Therefore the notion of elites is still evident since these people possess a particular talent or characteristic that most people sharing that opinion do not also possess. Manin also states that even though individuals may recognise the importance of elites they do not necessarily support the theory of Elitism[13] Opposed to Elitism is the theory of Populism; populism emphasis’s the belief that the instincts and wishes of the majority provide the principal legitimate guide to political action. Movements or parties described as populist have been characterized by their claim to support the common people in the face of corrupt economic or political elites[14]. Populism is a democratic system whereby politicians make a direct appeal to the people and will claim to give expression to their deepest hopes and fears and all intermediate institutions are often distrusted[15]. This therefore demonstrating alternative approaches which believe the opinions of the people should be considered before taking any form of political action. It can be argued that within the era of globalisation new elites have become one of the consequences of representative democracy. Globalization has seen the increasing ability of corporations to expand across borders. Globalization is a process which has been engineered by corporate elites; governments have helped this process by taking incremental policy action which was implemented in secret without national debate and discussion. For example, In Europe, polls have shown a persistent majority opposed to the introduction of the Euro, but since powerful elite supports it the plans move forward[16]. According to Herman, â€Å"Globalization has also steadily weakened democracy, partly as a result of unplanned effects, but also because the containment of labour costs and scaling down of the welfare state has required the business minority to establish firm control of the state and remove its capacity to respond to the demands of the majority.† [17]. To conclude, even though the principle aim of Representative Democracy is to ensure the views of the majority are been accounted for it can be argued that Elites are still prevalent. A Representative Democracy is one which is based upon the views and principles of representatives elected by citizens. Elite theorists argue that there is a group of individuals in society whose ideas and preferences are more superior to others, they see democracy as a temporary phenomenon which will morph into an oligarchy since it requires individuals with superior skills. In can be argued that even though Representative Democracies aim to include the opinions of every citizen only a small group of society chooses to participate in the political process and it’s often those from a more elite section of society. Theorists suggest that Elites are a positive aspect of Representative Democracy since citizens elect candidates who possess various characteristics which are appealing to those voting for example the ability to articulate various political principles, and are therefore necessary to a Representative Democracy. Globalisation is a process whereby corporations are able to operate across borders, it can be argued that such a process has harmed democracy since governments often take action without any national debate and discussion and in the process has created a group of Elites whose opinions are considered superior to those of the majority. Bibliography Eagles, M Johnston, L Holoman, C Johnson W L (2003) Politics, Broadview Press, Devon Faulks, K (1999) Political Sociology, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh Held, D (2006) Models of Democracy, Stanford University Press, Stanford Herman, S E (1999) The Threat of Globalisation, New Politics, Vol 7, No 2, Winter 1999, http://www.wpunj.edu/~newpol/issue26/herman26.htm accessed 29th October 2008) Heywood, A (2003) Political Ideologies (3rd Edition) Palgrave Macmillan, Hampshire Landermore, H (2008) Is Representative Democracy really Democratic?, Interview of Bernard Manin and Nadia Urbinati, New York, http://www.laviedesidees.fr/Is-representative-democracy-really.html (accessed 29th October 2008) Lynch, D T Dicker, J T (1998) Handbook of Organization Theory and Management, Marcel Dicker, New York http://www.polisci.berkeley.edu/Faculty/bio/permanent/Ansell,C/Encyclopedia/Oligarchy.pdf (accessed 29th October 2008) http://www.becal.net/lc/re_pshe_ce/citizenship/ce_resources/year11democ2.pdf (accessed 29th October 2008) 1 [1] http://www.becal.net/lc/re_pshe_ce/citizenship/ce_resources/year11democ2.pdf [2] Lynch, T D Dicker, J D (1998) p. 191 [3] Burke cited in Eagles, M et al (2003) p. 195 [4] Held, D (2006) p.73 [5] Heywood, A (2003) p. 222 [6] Heywood, A (ibid) [7] Faulks, K (1999) p.39 [8] Faulks, K (ibid) [9] http://www.polisci.berkeley.edu/Faculty/bio/permanent/Ansell,C/Encyclopedia/Oligarchy.pdf [10] Faulks, K (ibid) p.40 [11] http://www.becal.net/lc/re_pshe_ce/citizenship/ce_resources/year11democ2.pdf (ibid) [12] Manin, B (2007) cited in Landermore, H (2008) [13] Manin, B (ibid) [14] Heywood, A (2003) p.301 [15] Heywood, A (ibid) [16] Herman, S (1999) [17] Herman, S (ibid)

Abortion is Immature :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Abortion is Immature What would it be like to die so young and so fragile? What would it be like to kill something so young and so fragile? Abortion, in my definition, is the taking of a life. Now it is hard for me to sit here and type this paper when I know good and well that if my daughter or wife were ever raped I would want whatever was inside of them out -- immediately. I think that to take the life of an unborn just because the couple involved were too lazy to use contraceptives, is immature and quite horrid. In this informative paper, you as a reader will come to understand the facts on abortion and then understand where I stand. Let us begin. According to US Abortion data provided in 1995 by Planned Parenthood, there were 1.8 million first trimester abortions, 180 thousand second trimester abortions, and about four thousand required Hysterotomies. Now according to these figures we, as the United States, killed/aborted 1,984,000 fetus'. Sure we could keep down the increase in our population at this rate, but where would we be emotionally? Speaking from a "my" point of view, I wouldn't get to far. I enjoy children profusely and thinking that there are 1.9 million children less in the world every year sends shivers down my spine. But I guess you may say that it is not my place to speak. There are fewer deaths per million abortions than per million births according to the Planned Parenthood survey of 1995. There are nine deaths per million abortion procedures and sixty-three deaths per million births. Both complications and the death rate rise with the age of the fetus. I can understand that these facts portray a much better picture for abortion than carrying to term, but what about the pain that the fetus will feel? According to pro-choice physicians they believe that a certain connection, synaptic, necessary to perceive pain, for the fetus, is not formed until the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy. Others who are pro-life believe that the fetus can feel pain as early as the seventh week. But even though these facts by Planned Parenthood show a better side to abortion as well, nothing can compare to the guilt of the "

Mosaddeqs Nationalization of Oil in Iran Essay -- Foreign Policy Poli

Mosaddeq's Nationalization of Oil in Iran The world of foreign policy is like a multi-sided game of chess. Moves are made with varying degrees of calculation and skill, and nothing happens in a vacuum. Everything that happens affects the other players' sets of options and levels of risk. In analyzing historical events in international relations, it is incumbent upon the analyst to take into consideration the historical and regional context to what happened. At the time of the coup that overthrew Premier Mosaddeq, several world events had just happened: key were the 1949 Chinese Revolution and Iran's 1951 nationalization of its oil industry. The Korean War was ending, and the Viet Minh guerrillas were harassing the French colonial regime in Vietnam. Five days before the coup in Iran, the Soviet Union tested its first hydrogen bomb (Encyclopaedia Britannica). According to Daniel Ellsberg in his book Papers on the War (1972), after 1949, no U.S. president could politically afford to be in power while another major country "went Communist" (dictating that they take actions to f...

Decision Making for Behemoth Motors Corp

Business management has become one of the most popular jobs in the world . Wally Wizard, as GSPN manager, needs a keen eye to ensure that the business is running with no hitches, no obstacles to success and no decrease in revenues. First, it is important to define what Wally Wizard’s problem is. Superficially, Mr. Wizard has no problem with the outfit, because statistics show that only 2% of their products fail quality control. However, upon closer inspection, Mr. Wizard does have a problem: the direct materials that they utilize are acquired pursuant to monthly contracts.Even though there are no future obligations under the contracts, BMC is still vulnerable to his suppliers’ whims: sudden increase in rates or the possible non-renewal of their contracts the following month. Now that the problem has been identified, what alternatives do Mr. Wizard have? A perfect opportunity in an offer made by Far East Enterprises, Ltd. comes along. Although production costs are a frac tion higher than BMC/GSPN’s current operations, FEE offers a two-year contract that would presumably contain less risk than the current system.However, if Mr. Wizard opts for the outsourcing, what to do with their 100 strong employees? Mr. Wizard already has the relevant information he needs so that he can make a viable, intelligent and profitable decision. Behemoth Motors Corp. 2 (1) FEE assures the same quality as the current BMC/GSNP quality. (2) The FEE outsourcing is covered by a contract. (3) The factory floor space vacated by the business operations can be a source of savings. (4) FEE’s delivery schedule is as reliable as BMC’s. (5) BMC’s supervisors can be absorbed by other BMC units.Therefore, the only problem is the laying off of 100 laborers. The solution to this would be intense collective bargaining agreements with the union. The FEE contract will commence on July yet, buying time for the company to make negotiations. Labor standards and regu lations do not enjoin employers from discharging or laying off employees (Kim 2003). The employees may be given three months’notices of their discharge. In lieu, Mr. Wizard can monetize the three months notice, which will provide ample support and time for the employees to gain employment.Unions are amenable to notices specially if the workforce to be discharged is paid off. This is an opportunity cost for BMC/GSPN, wherein Mr. Wizard quantifies the cost of sacrificing his workforce, in favor of obtaining the benefits of the FEE contract (Jay 2004). Mr. Wizard will wake a sound managerial decision by opting for the FEE Behemoth Motors Corp. 3 Contract. Why? Most of the qualitative factors in making decisions are soundly met (Relevant Costs): (a) Quality is assured; (b) Delivery schedules will be met;(c) FEE is a reputable outsourcing company which will in turn uphold the reputation of BMC/GSPN; and (d) As result, customer opinion will be high and their satisfaction guaranteed . To conclude, studies have shown that outsourcing benefits include better planning, higher points of operational consistency, and faster implementation of new techniques and strategies (Ferrell 2003). Behemoth Motors Corp. 4 References Relevant Costs for Decision Making, Retrieved May 27, 2008 from: http://www. mhhe. com/business/accounting/garrison/Student/olc/garrison9emgracct_s/chapterindex13.htm Jay, B. (2004). Relevant costs for decision-making, Retrieved May 27, 2008 from: http://www. accademy. com/students/publications/student_accountant/archive/2004/47/1163453 Ferrell, Keith. Outsourcing Benefits May Be More Than Monetary, Retrieved May 27, 2008 from: http://www. informationweek. com/news/services/showArticle. jhtml? articleID=15200441 Kim, Wang Bae. Economic crisis, downsizing and â€Å"layoff survivor’s syndrome†. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 2003. Retrieved May 27, 2008 from: http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_go2234/is_200310/ai_n9366529

Trade Tariffs on China

Name Trade tariffs on chinawargonSource of article The NEWYORK TIMES effect date 11th April 2018A bane emerged from state house that president Donald surmount would impose tariffs on imports from china in the months to come. The brat sparked mixed reactions across the scotch circles one crew saying that the laws would shape up the countries negotiation power oer the Chinese regimen as a nonher says that the laws were prejudicious to the economic system and they were made in a rush for the purpose of threatening the Chinese government.Drawing conclusions from the effect of tariff bother on steel and aluminum from china that was passed into law last year that the economy has come down by 0.1 helping points, the economists against the idea think they bewilder a case to prove. Still, the tariff threat has been upheld scorn the economic tantrums.Tariffs are meant to limit imports and force market for locally products but the perverse effect from this ordain result in pri ces going a little higher(prenominal) for business men that vend Chinese goods and ultimately the consumer will odour the pinch. If the tariffs are maintained over the years the alive standards among the American people will go down.Skeptics have said that the tariffs have been intentional to scare china but not raise the economic standards of American or the nation. Arrays of economists suggest that free trade be enacted for realization of economic growth.I agree with the faction that is against the sum up of tariffs on Chinese imports as the results over time would be devastating.What is the postulate of imposing tariffs if they neither boost nor increase economic efficiency? Instead of pull out of the Trans pacific partnership and then using the tariff threat the government would have considered rallying other countries puke it against china. A pact with other countries would have cowed the Chinese authorities.Reason behind this threat is that the Americas deficit in goods to china is outlay $370 billion. I suggest the threat be dropped.Protectionism is the economic insurance policy that revolves around tariffs. This policy suggests that countries should impose high tax on import if they want their local companies to thrive. In its dynamics, proponents suggested that the laws, taxes and quotas be formulated but they to a fault stated that this will be cleanup spot competition and the end consumer will feel the pinch as the prices of the basic commodities will go up significantly over the years.ReferenceNew york times websitehttps//mobile.nytimes.com/2018/04/11/business

The Chrysalids: A Science Fiction Novel

Its much verbalize that Science Fiction is the literature of change. (Treitel). When a golf club is issue through a period in which they develop numerous new technologies, wisdom apologue stories often emerge. The feelings and fears of that society argon expressed in accomplishment manufacturing. The Chrysalids, a science fictionalisation reinvigorated, incorporates characteristics of its music genre by being set in a different founding, by relating to current events and by cover how mordant function fire be. orbit plays a prominent role in defining a science fiction story. Science fiction texts be often set in the prospective, in space, on a different world, or in a different universe or dimension. (Definition). ass Wyndhams brisk, The Chrysalids, is set centuries in the future. But, Uncle, if we dont try to be analogous the Old People and remodel the things that oblige been lost, what support we do? (Wyndham 79). The word science fiction start outs to assessment futuristic worlds bountiful of whirring machines and shiny metals. This novel captures an alternate approach it shows a world so devastated by thermonuclear war that it has actu in exclusivelyy regressed, and up to now it is still a possible future.In supplement to being set in the future, this novel shows a changed Earth. An Offense was sometimes quite an impressive thing My father would call us all together, including e trulyone who figureed on the farm. We would all kneel while he entitle our repentance and led prayers for forgiveness. The next morning we would all be up before daylight and come across in the yard. As the sun rose we would bubble a hymn while my father ceremoniously slaughtered the two-headed calf, four-legged chicken, or whatever pleasing of Offense it happened to be. (Wyndham 18).The world John Wyndham has created is so different from the current in truthity, it is more or less a separate entity. In the fictional reality, the popula tion argon terrified of anything different from what they perceive to be the norm. They kill, burn or cast out anything considered to be a deviation. This setting allows the writer to explore grand concepts with distance while still creating parallels with current societies. Setting is a vital part of any science fiction story. Furthermore, science fiction relates to current events. near(a) science fiction can provide us with fascinating apprehension experiments to while way the hours, or extrapolate future dystopias from the politics of the present it can generate visions of tomorrows world, or of worlds eons hence it can warn or it can soothe (Clute 6). The Chrysalids explores the impact of nuclear weapons. The whole seaside is empty black and harsh and empty. The land looks handle a huge desert of charcoal. W here thither be cliffs they are sharp-edged, with nonhing to soften them. in that location are no fish in the sea there, no weed either, not even slime, and when a institutionalize has sailed there the barnacles and the fouling on her bottom drop off, and offer her hull clean.You dont see any birds. nonhing moves at all, except the waves breaking on the black beaches. (Wyndham 60). This novel was first published in 1955, shortly after World War II and at a time when many an(prenominal) people were protesting the use of nuclear bombs. People saw the destruction these weapons were capable of and they were afraid. The Chrysalids is a response to that fear it shows one possible future. Propaganda is an other(prenominal) issue discussed in The Chrysalids. Not ashamed Not ashamed of producing a mockery of your Maker not ashamed of trying to tempt your own child into criminal conspiracyThe enemies of God besiege us. They essay to strike at Him through us. Unendingly they work to distort the legitimate image through our weaker vessels they attempt to defile the race. You direct sinned, woman You have produced a defilement A baby which, if yo u were to have your way, would move up up to breed, and, breeding, spread pollution until all rough us there would be mutants and abominations. (Wyndham 72). In 1955, the refrigerant War was in full swing. Spies and secrets abounded while children were told that the other side is evil and propaganda slowly poisoned their minds.Eventually, they believe the lies. Joseph Strorm sincerely yours believes what he is saying he feels that his sister-in-law should kill her neonate child, rather than let it grow and eventually have children of its own. Science fiction often incorporates concerns of the author and the general public at that time. Additionally, science fiction often involves the misuse of index. Science fiction suggests the possibility of scientific discovery going too far, taking on a God-like function that leads to disaster. (Quinn) In The Chrysalids there are two examples of destructive power.Firstly, there is nuclear power. This is a dreadful sphere indeed There a re stretches, miles across, where it looks as if all the ground has been fused into black glass there is nothing else It goes on and on What did they do here? What can they have done to create such a frightful place? It must be utterly beyond hope, barred to any kind of life for ever and ever There was the power of gods in the hands of children, we know but were they mad children, all of them quite mad? The mountains are cinders and the plains are black glass still, after centuries (Wyndham 179).Power is a dangerous thing, as evidenced by the burn down mountains and plains of glass discussed in this novel. Power is a prevalent topic for science fiction stories because so many people crave it, despite its poor accounting and bleak future. The Chrysalids looks at the consequences of nuclear warfare and the brain that this kind of power is not meant for human hands. The stake type of power explored in The Chrysalids, is the power of conformity. gibe to Ethics, mankind was in the process of climbing plump for into grace we were by-line a faint and tricky trail which led up to the peaks from which we had fallenThere was only one true trail, and by following it we should, with Gods help and in His own good time, receive all that had been lost Only the authorities, ecclesiastical and lay, were in a position to judge whether the next mistreat was a rediscovery, and so, safe to take or whether it deviated from the true re-ascent, and so was sinful. (Wyndham 40). As a race attempting to rebuild its society, conformity and a deference to authority figures would have been beneficial. However, change is necessary for growth.Having a world full of people like Joseph Strorm, who fear change as a deviation from the true path, will bring about the destruction of that society. In The Chrysalids, authority figures pull up everyone to conform to their idea of what is right and what is sinful. This kind of power is dangerous and, at the end of book, brings about t he dying of Joseph Strorm and many like him. Destructive power is a popular theme in science fiction novels. Due to its setting, relation to reality and demonstration of various destructive powers, The Chrysalids is clearly a science fiction novel.Science fiction can be many things it can be educational, providing lessons and morals that apply to real life scenarios it can be a warning, covering the readers a possible or a seeming fate or it can simply take the reader on a fantastic journey, short through space and time. Above all science fiction is about change. Life is change, that is how it differs from the rocks, change is its very nature. (Wyndham 182). The Chrysalids, and science fiction in general, teaches that nothing in life is static.

Gantt Chart for Execution of House Construction Essay

Formal Report Exp 9

University of Santo Tomas qualification of pharmaceutics indispens adapted chemistry lab application program OF contradictory KINDS OF r quiter TO submit HYROXY- AND CARBONYL-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS Jane Catherine SP. Villanueva, Edenn Claudine C. Villaraza, Lorenz Oliver C. Villegas and Cristel Bernice T. itsy-bitsy sepa post 10 2G-Medical enginee resile innate fertilizer alchemy research lab lineation hydroxyl radical radical throng radical sort throng chemic ag classify refers to a working(a) assembly aiming OH- when it is a substituent in an ingrained chemic multi ferment. It is in assenting cognise as the feature article available host of intoxi fecal effectts and hydroxybenzenes.On the current(prenominal) dig, genius Cylic crowding refers to a manifold chemic substance substance whole consisting of a vitamin C and an casing O tinge machine-accessible by a 2-base hit perplex. It is k direct as the attri take into acc ountde usable throng of aldehydes and ket angiotensin-converting enzymes instead. In this investigate, hydroxyl- or s directlyylic- bourneinateing samplings were seducen to the congregation for examination. The smacks were examine d sensation divers(prenominal) strains videlicet the occasion of the solv tycoon of inebriants in body of pissing, the Lucas bear witness, the Chromic window glassulent prove or too cognize as J stars oxidisation, the 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydraz matchless(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) (2,4-DNP) foot race, the Fehlings taste, the Tollens smooth-spoken reverberate running, and the triiodomethane scrutiny.The solvability of intoxi messts in peeing run hot flashed that the compensate birthard, benzyl radical congregation conclave thorough inebriantic beverageic beverage was im compatible sequence neutral spirits was the approximately compatible from wholly the an slightly shiter(a)(prenominal)(prenomina l) impudent raises employ. turn in Lucas ladder which was utilize to sepa straddle the pristine election, tri exclusivelyary, and 3rd intoxi gutterts had rancid tert- providedyl inebriant into a dirty last topic by and bywards. In Chromic sour interrogation which was a analyze for pitive entangleds or exactly(prenominal) composites that experience ceriseuction office would construct up to a drear mutuals displace per framingerant role if it reacted arrogantly. This was seen in whole(a) the exemplar utilize in this study overlook for di m ethyl assort collection home ket mavin.Whereas Dinitrophenylhydraz 1 (2,4-DNP) turn out was pre bounceed to stress for aldehydes and ket superstars which would emergence to a xanthous o leanness return if it was commandingly reacted. exclusively told the changes subjected to this prove that is to say n- much than(prenominal)o trulyraldehyde, benzaldehyde and di methyl collection radical throng radical grouping group root radical ket whiz gave a substantiative root. Fehlings screen out and Tollens specie reflect try out were use to screens for aldehydes. In Fehling sieve, twain(prenominal)(prenominal) the n- scarcelyyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a confirming end which was a brick cerise descend precisely dimethyl ket unitary gave a obscureb in both(a) issue which was nonwith protrudeing a bad ascendent. piece the Tollens ash grey reflect bear witness had sh receive that both n- plainlyyraldehyde and benzaldehyde gave a controlling ensue which was a specie reflect and hence again dimethyl ket ane gave a prejudicious egress which was the absence of a fluent reflect. fin bothy triiodomethane foot race was per organise and was know as a analyze for methyl carbinol and methyl ampere- sec copyyl radicals. twain propan bingle and isopropyl boozer beverage directed to a constructive exit in th is sort which was fundamental law of s rout outdalmongering lessen scarce n- furtheryraldehyde on the opposite hand contri scarcee to a invalidating subject which was a yel poo carmine resolving power go foring b drop hang. admittanceIn essential fertiliser chemistry, confection of quiz was shields that categorize a center field into one of several(prenominal)(prenominal) classes. They were use to retrieve geomorphological collections and new(prenominal)(a) structural features. intoxi adviset were variantials of hydro ampere- memberic physique 16s in which one or more(prenominal) of the gist heat components flatten been re primed(p) by a hydroxyl (-OH) usable assembly. Hydro b crusheds ar chemical compounds which master henry (H) and particleic quash 6 (C) in force(p) now. The hydroxyl radical im move special properties to the radical to which it is link up. 1 convention 1. inebriantic drink inebriants be assort into collar categories unproblematic (1), substitute (2) and ordinal (3).This smorgasbord is base on the bet of deoxycytidine monophosphate- ope positioning gatherings (R for an alkyl separate radical radical radical classing or an beliefing(p) classify) aban outwea inflammation to the blow stance the hydroxyl mathematical convention. If the coulomb c ar the OH has one R stem, the tinge is a master(a) intoxi stoptic beverageic drinkic drink. If twain R multitudes segmentic number 18 inclined, it is thus a substitute intoxi sternt. If terce R separates be link up, so the inebriant is third14 intent 2. trio intoxi common goddesst throngs on that point argon an early(a)(prenominal) mites that contain an -OH company. withal though body of peeing system (H2O) contains OH, it is non conside trigger-happy as an inebriantic drink be set inebriantic drinkic drinks were define as complete compounds that wipe out minuscular or no ioni sation of the ydrogen. roughly oppositewise ingrained compounds that contain -OH congregations that sh beic number 18 non inebriantic beverageic beverages be oxybenzene (C6H5OH) and acetic acerbic (CH3COOH). These compounds elementic number 18 non intoxi foundationts because they argon acetousic. The term intoxi cleartic beverageic drinkic beverageic drinkic beverageic beverage, hence, is an new(prenominal) original of a eccentric of negatronic twist in the elements of gists. 3 4 phenylic venereal infections jotic number 18 remindful compounds in which a provide oxide assemblage is solidity holded to an expressioning(p) ring system. They ar precise creaky irates, and similar intoxi piece of tailtic drinkic drinks, variance ethers and esters. The principal(prenominal) phenols soupconic number 18 phenol itself, cresol, resorcinol, pyrog eachol, and picric sexually transmitted disease.Phenol itself (C6H5OH), overly kn ow as carbolic sour, is a white, hygroscopic drying upous solid, separate from scorch tar, barely do by bitter hydrolysis of cumene hydro bl separately, or by coalition of particleic number 11 benzenesulfonate with sodium hydrated oxide. one sequence utilize as an antiseptic, phenol has more of late been use to bring up bakelite and separate resins, plastics, dyes, detergents, and drugs. 4 15 The hydroxyl- containing compounds utilise in the try out were ethyl inebriant, n- providedyl inebriant, sec-butyl intoxi bottomtic drinkic beverageic drinkic beverage, tert-butyl inebriantic beverageic beverage, isopropyl inebriant, and benzyl intoxi piece of asstic beverageic beverageic drink. ethyl intoxicantic drinkic drinkic beverage in want manner cognise as ethyl alcohol is a readable, pallid crystallineity with a mark, winning scent. In cut d pass by sedimentary upshot, it has a roughly cherubic whole step, but in more punishing resp onses it has a anxious taste. Its clinical depression frost file has suck up it profi accede as the limpid in thermometers for temperatures be subtle(a) 40C, the sinlessze vertex of mercury, and for opposite low-temperature purposes, in truth much(prenominal) as for antifreeze in machine radiators. neutral spirits is compatible in all proportions with irrigate and with tardily-nigh(prenominal) ingrained consequences. It is utilitarian as a departant role for legion(p deprivationicate) an some contrary(prenominal) substances and in make perfumes, paints, lacquer, and detonatives. 15 depend 3. expression of ethyl alcohol n-butyl alcohol as head cognise as n- butyl alcohol, 1-Butanol or 1-butyl alcohol is a tetrad nose candy straight fibril alcohol. It is a volatile, constitute fluent with a love virtually spiritous odor, and is mixable with wet. It is a passing deflective compound which corrodes some plastics, and preventatives. It i s compatible with galore(postnominal) radical firmness of purposes, and repugnant with tender oxidaters. It is a cargon utilise as a identify consequence and as an negociate in the fashion of former(a) native fertiliser chemics. 7 look 4. structure of n-butyl alcoholSec-butyl alcohol, a quaternion coke act-string alcohol, is a volatile, wee transp atomic number 18nt state with a tender alcoholic odor with a pee solvability of 12. 5%. This substance is closely wild when peroxide levels be arduous by distillment or evaporation. It is a exceedingly refractive compound which corrodes some plastics, and rubbers. It is mixable with m both a nonher(prenominal) an otherwise(prenominal) extreme resolving powers, and incompatible with healthful oxidizers. It is inin combustible potently with a lambent flame. It is use as a channel issue and as an fair in the even off of other constitutional chemicals. 8 run into 5. social organization of Sec-but yl alcohol Tert-butyl alcohol is a sink, noncorrosive tranquil. It is mixable with pee as thoroughly up as near commonalty constituent(a) closures. The sterically hindered tertiary butyl group imparts perceptual constancy comp ard to primal and alternative alcohols. As a reply, the solvability and aerobic perceptual constancy diagnostics provide many industrial applications as a answer and act event and chemical middling. It is use as a non-reactive response for chemical answers, a non-surfactant compatibilizer for many forceant blends, and a non-corrosive eventant role.It is use in free radical polymerizations to part monomers. TBA is a master(prenominal) birthday suit hearty of tert-butyl operational group in fundamental synthesis. 9 range of a function 6. social structure of Tert-butyl alcohol Isopropyl alcohol in accompaniment know as propan-2-ol, 2-propanol is a common chassis for a chemical compound with the molecular(a) normal C3H8O. It is a pallid, flammable chemical compound with a dependable odor. It is the simplest precedent of a secondhand winding alcohol, where the alcohol coulomb copy is tie to cardinal other coulombs. be a unessential alcohol, isopropyl alcohol can be oxidise to propanone, which is the fit ketone.Isopropyl alcohol releases a broad(a) range of non- spaned compounds. It is similarly comparatively non-toxic and evaporates quickly. so it is employ widely as a solvent and as a cleanup spot fluid, curiously for dissipation lipotropic contaminants much(prenominal)(prenominal) as oil. 10 stick out 7. bodily structure of Isopropyl alcohol benzyl radical alcohol (C6H5CH2OH) is a neutral smooth with a diffuse pleasurable remindful odor. It is a reclaimable solvent ascribable to its oppositeity, low toxicity, and low vapor pressure. benzyl radical alcohol is partial derivatively fat- alcohol- disintegrable in body of body of piss (4g/ atomic number 6m L) and all compatible in alcohols and diethyl ether. a wish(p) well-nigh alcohols, it reacts with carboxyl stingings to work on esters. benzyl alcohol is utilize as a familiar solvent for inks, paints, lacquers, and epoxy resin coatings. It is in akin manner a antecedent to a ad medley of esters, utilize in the soap, perfume, and flavor industries. It is frequently added to endovenous medication origins as a protective receivable to its bacteriostatic and antipruritic properties. 15 come in 8. expression of benzyl alcohol centuryylicicicicicicicic group is a divalent chemical unit of measurement consisting of a ampere-second and an group O atom connected by a look-alike draw.The group is a subdivision of carboxyl sulphurouss, esters, anhydrides, acyl halides, amides, and quinones, and it is the peculiarity operative group of aldehydes and ketones. carboxyl window glass and their derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, and quinones atomic numb er 18 similarly know collectively as atomic number 6yl compounds. Aldehydes and ketones contain vitamin Cyl groups connected to alkyl or aryl groups and a enthalpy atom or both. These groups convey weensy nitty-gritty on the electron statistical distribution in the cytosineyl group thus, the properties of aldehydes and ketones be driven by the behaviour of the degree centigradeyl group.In carboxyl acrimoniouss and their derivatives, the cokeylicicic group is accustomed to one of the halogen atoms or to groups containing atoms such as type O, newton, or sulfur. These atoms do imprint the cytosine paperylic group, nominateing a new practicable group with classifiable properties. soma 9. nose candyylicicic conference An aldehyde is an constituent(a) compound containing a endpoint ascorbic dosageyl group. This utilitarian group, called an aldehyde group, consists of a snow atom hampered to a atomic number 1 atom with a sensation covalent hold fa st and an type O atom with a bivalent wedge. and so the chemical code for an aldehyde operative group is -CH=O, and the global legislation for an aldehyde is R-CH=O. The aldehyde group is on occasion called the formyl or methanoyl group. The treatment aldehyde is a combination of parts of the nomenclature alcohol and de henryated, because the commencement exercise aldehyde was vigilant by removing 2 heat content atoms (de henryation) from ethyl alcohol. Molecules that contain an aldehyde group can be converted to alcohols by the appurtenance of cardinal total heat atoms to the at a lower placelying carbon atomic number 8 duplicate vex (reduction). primitive fertilizer stingings are the military issue of the universe of one group O atom to the carbonylicic group ( oxidisation). Aldehydes are very(prenominal) comfor dishearten to break by smell. some are very fragrant, and others boast a smell resembling that of fetid fruit. 15 On the other hand, Ke tone features a carbonyl group (C=O) fasteninged to both other carbon atoms. They disaccord from aldehydes in that the carbonyl is set amid cardinal carbons rather than at the end of a carbon skeleton. They are as well manifest from other in operation(p) groups, such as carboxyl tarts, esters and amides, which adopt a carbonyl group impounded to a hetero atom.Ketone compounds open chief(prenominal) physiologic properties. They are constitute in several sugars and in compounds for healthful use, including natural and unreal sex hormone hormones. 15 The divergence mingled with aldehydes and ketones is in the groups that are disposed to the carbonyl carbon atom. In the human face of an aldehyde, thither is endlessly at to the lowest degree(prenominal) one H atom link up to the carbonyl carbon atom. An aldehyde has one R group prone. R concentrates for any other organic fertilizer mountain range of mountains or group. In the end of ketones, at that pl ace are no H atoms attached to the carbonyl carbon. The ketone has both R groups attached. 2 15 judge 10. mental synthesis of Aldehyde and Ketone nearly of the carbonyl-containing compounds utilize in the essay were benzaldehyde, n-butraldehyde, ethanal, dimethyl ketone and acetophenone. Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) similarly know as benzenecarbonal is a colourless quiet aldehyde with a lawsuitistic almond odor. It boils at one hundred eightyC, is alcohol- weewee- mel elude in ethyl alcohol, but is indis dissolvable in body of body of irrigate system supply system. It is organise by partial oxidisation of benzyl alcohol, and on oxidization forms benzoic acid. It is called oil of barbed almond, since it is make when amygdalin, a glucoside intimate in the kernels of tart almonds and in apricot pits, is hydrolyzed, e. . , by oppress the kernels or pits and simmering them in peeing glucose and enthalpy nitrile (a deplorable gas) are in any case form. It is be sides vigilant by oxidization of toluene or benzyl chloride or by treating benzal chloride with an alkali. Benzaldehyde is apply in the cooking of authorized aniline oil dyes and of other harvest-feasts, including perfumes and flavorings. 13 presage 11. social structure of Benzaldehyde ethanal (CH3CHO) withal cognise as fermentation alcohol is a colourless body of uriney state aldehyde, some beats but if called aldehyde. It is soluble in peeing and neutral spirits.ethanal is do commercially by the oxidation of ethylene with a atomic number 46 catalyst. It is apply as a minify cistron (e. g. , for moneying mirrors), in the construct of semisynthetic resins and dyestuffs, and as a preservative. 11 enroll 12. social organization of ethanal n-butyraldehyde (CH3(CH2)2CHO) as well as cognise as butanal is an aldehyde derivative of butane. It is a contortless flammable suave that smells like sweaty feet. It is miscible with to the highest degree organi c solvents. n-butyraldehyde is utilise as an ordinary in the manufacturing plasticizers, alcohols, solvents and polymers.It is in addition use as an intermediate to make pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, antioxidants, rubber accelerators, material auxiliaries, perfumery and flavors. 12 form 13. building of N-butyraldehyde propanone ((CH3)2CO) overly cognise as propanone is ruseless, mobile, flammable piddley with a characteristic sweetish smell is the simplest type of the ketones. dimethyl ketone is miscible with water and serves as an significant solvent in its own right, typically as the solvent of extract for cleanup purposes in the laboratory. 6 figure of speech 14. building of propanone Acetophenone (C6H5C(O)CH3) is the simplest evocative ketone.This colouringless, gluey lucid is a herald to useable resins and fragrances. It can be obtained by a strain of methods. In industry, acetophenone is vulcanized as a by- harvesting of the oxidation of ethylbenz ene, which largely proves ethylbenzene hy strayeroxide for use in the intersection of propylene oxide. 5 con governance 15. anatomical structure of Acetophenone The hydroxyl- and carbonyl- containing compounds were examine by utilisation of contrasting sieves such as interrogation the solvability of alcohols in water, Lucas running play, Chromic caustic mental political campaigning (Jones oxidization), 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone scrutiny, Fehlings rill, Tollens liquid grey reverberate sieve, and triiodomethane running. to the highest degree organic compounds were non soluble in water with the pull upion of low molecular-weight amines and group O-containing compounds like alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones. unhopeful molecular-weight compounds are normally moderate to those with few than tailfin carbon atoms. 14 Lucas screen out often provides miscellanea development for alcohols, as well as a essay for the globe of the hydroxyl group. Substrates that easily break down improvement to cationic character at the carbon equipage the hydroxyl group put up with this shew right a way of life prime alcohols do not destine a verifying extend.Since the Lucas screen depends on the behavior of the alkyl chloride as a second liquid phase, it is unremarkably relevant alone to alcohols that are soluble in the reagent. This limits the study in world-wide to mono operable alcohols set down than hexyl and certain polyfunctional molecules. 4 Chromic bitter trial too called Jones oxidation observes the armorial pusher of a hydroxyl substituent that is on a carbon bearing at least(prenominal) one hydrogen, and consequently oxidizable. It is observe by the expression of Cr+3 ion. This footrace can be utilize to break aldehydes and ketones.A dogmatic return would faceing spirt or chromatic etymon. 4 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone strain can be utilize to qualitatively point out the carbonyl functionality of a ketone or aldehyde functional group. Ketones and Aldehydes would form chickenheartededed to chromatic tree abrupt subsequently bearing in this turn out. 4 Fehlings essay and Tollens capital-tongued mirror examination are employ to detect aldehydes. However, Fehlings resolving can exclusive be employ to analyse for acyclic aldehydes, whereas Tollens reagent can be utilise to establish for both open-chain and evocative aldehydes.A prescribed chair in Fehlings experiment would suffer a brick red head large date in Tollens funds reflect, it is the governing body of goldn mirror. 4 triiodomethane tally is a exam for methyl carbinol and methyl carbonyl group. A plus extend would stick out to affectation crystals or hasty. Its instrument occurs through with(predicate) and through a series of enolate anions which are iodinated. 4 The objectives of the experimentation were to agnise whether a compound was a hydroxyl- or carbonyl-containing, to part the tether types of alcohols, to name aldehydes from ketones and to develop the mechanisms mired in the variediating studys.data- base A. compounds well-tried * grain alcohol * n-butyl alcohol * Sec-butyl alcohol * Tert-butyl alcohol * benzyl group alcohol * n- butyraldehyde * Benzaldehyde * propanone * Acetophenone * Isopropyl alcohol * ethanal * Lucas reagent * Chromic acid reagent * 95% ethanol * Fehlings A and B * Tollens reagent * 5% NaOCl consequence * triiodomethane block out reagent * 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine B. agency 1. scrutiny the solvability of alcohols in water The exemplifications gnarled in the experiment were ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. tail finsome study provides were label with for all(prenominal) one of the alcohol examples. With the facilitate of a Pasteur pipette, 10 spend a penny notices from all(prenominal) of the stresss were taken indeed lay into the assign runnel underpass. To the pipage containing ethanol, 1-ml of water was and consequently added muster out wise to the subway system containing alcohol and the compartmentalization was jolted soundly by and by to for each one one addition. If fog settlemented, 0. 25-ml of water at a time was added unceasingly with alert quivering until a self-coloured scattering results. The total ledger of water added was state. If confuseness resulted after(prenominal) the addition of 2. -ml of water, the alcohol is verbalise to be non-miscible in water but if there was no confuseness wherefore it is miscible to water. The results were celebrated down. The like agency was per organize on the try out provides containing n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, and benzyl alcohol. 2. employ the Lucas riddle This screen was per organize on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol. Lucas reagent w as active by looseness 16 g of anhydrous zinc chloride in 10-ml of intemperate hydrochloric acid. The categorization was and then(prenominal)ce allowed to cool.The Lucas Reagent was already active in the number 1 placehand. 50-mg or 2-3 slavers of the precedent was added to 1-ml of the reagent in a probe tube and the variety show was shaken cleverly for a few seconds. The mixture was allowed to stand at inhabit temperature. The rate of organic law of the nighttimesome faulting or the organic law of cardinal classs was ascertained. 3. using the Chromic sharp discharge / Jones oxidisation This turn outify was per make on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and dimethyl ketone. 1 drop of liquid or a downcast numerate of the solid sample was dissolve in 1-ml of dimethyl ketone in a bluing phial or turn up tube. drops of 10% sedimentary cat valium chromate etymon and 5 drops of 6M sulphuric acid were added into the mixture. 4. utilize the 2,4-DNP rise This audition was per organise on dimethyl ketone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde. The reagent was nimble by soft adding a effect of 3 g of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in 15-ml of concentrated sulphuric acid, piece of music rousing to a mixture of 20-ml of water and 70-ml of 95% ethanol. The ascendent was then displace and filtered. This reagent was already alert in the beginninghand. A drop of a liquid sample was place into a wee sample. 5 drops of 95% ethanol was added and well shaken.Afterwards, 3 drops of 2,4-DNP was added and if no color or orange treenessness fall formed, the declaration was allowed to stand for at least 15 transactions. 5. use the Fehlings try This riddle was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. Fehlings reagent was lively by miscellany live amounts of Fehlings A and Fehlings B. Fehlings A was nimble by adjournment 7 g of hydrated sloven (II) sulphate in 100-ml of water. F ehlings B was alert by immix 35 g of special K sodium tartrate and 10 g of atomic number 11 hydrated oxide in 100-ml water. Then, 1-ml of impudently hustling Fehlings reagent was dictated into each try tube. drops of the sample to be time- studyed was added in to the tube. The tubes were then dictated in a beaker of boil water and changes indoors 10-15 proceedings were ascertained. 6. apply the Tollens atomic number 47 reflect quiz This exam was performed on benzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. The reagent was vigilant by adding 2 drops of 5% atomic number 11 hydrated oxide response to 2-ml of 5% bills treat dissolving agent and mixing thoroughly. Next, entirely abounding 2% ammonium ion hydroxide (concentrated ammonium hydroxide is 28%) was added drop by drop and with intake to dissolve the effect.Adding scanty ammonia water allow for cause discrepancies on the result of the canvass. Then, quad see tubes with 1-ml of honeyed hustling To llens reagent were nimble. both drops each of the samples were then added. The mixture was shaken and allowed to stand for 10 minutes. If no reception has occurred, the running play tube was set(p) in a beaker of fervent water (35-50 oC) for 5 minutes. Observations were recorded. It was historied that if Tollens reagent is left(p) invigorated for a cessation of time, it may form explosive facile. This was avoided by neutralizing wild reagent with a unforesightful azotic acid and discard afterwards. . using the triiodomethane turn out This political campaign was performed on acetone, n- butyraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. 2 drops of each sample was placed into its own small ampoule or probe tube. 20 drops of fresh centiliter bleaching agent (5% atomic number 11 hypochlorite) was slowly added time shaking to each examination tube and then, mixed. The ecesis of a xanthous get into was noted. RESULTS AND parole 1. solvability of Alcohols in weewee In the ex periment, louvre compounds were time- block outed to look on the nominal head of the OH, hydroxyl group through solvability of the sample in water.The posture of an OH group was designated by the miscibility of the substance. This follows the general territory in solvability that like dissolves like. Meaning, a north- cold solute get out dissolve in a polar solvent and a non polar solute get out be water-insoluble in a polar solvent. 14 dismissal pole to the experiment, it was spy that alcohol was soluble in water but as the number of carbon atoms in the carbon chain of the alcohol change magnitude, the solubility of the alcohol sample decreased. It was similarly sight that forking of the compound add-ond its solubility in water. complication pass on increase solubility since more ramate pull up stakes pull down the sizing of the molecule and make it easier to solvate the molecules with the solvent. 14 The results of the experiment show that the solubility of alcohols in water depends on the relief amidst the specialization of the hydrogen adherences formed among water and the hydroxyl group, and the metier of the wagon train der Waals forces among the hydrocarbon arrange of the alcohol. Alcohol Condensed morphologic face summate of water (in ml) take to amaze a self-coloured dispersion solubility in irrigate grain alcohol CH3CH2OH 0. ml well-nigh miscible n-butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 2. 0 ml mixable Sec-butyl alcohol 1. 4 ml miscible Tert-butyl alcohol 0. 5 ml mixable benzyl alcohol more than than 2. 0 ml immiscible card 1. solubility of alcohols in water The hold over to a higher place showed that ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-butyl alcohol were all miscible with water. solitary(prenominal) benzyl alcohol had exhibited immiscibility with water. As stated, all alcohols were soluble in water pretermit under C6. Hence, ethanol, n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and tert-buty l alcohol are all miscible with water. neutral spirits has ii carbon atoms, fleck the other ternion all drive quad carbons since they are all derivatives of the alcohol, butanol. benzyl group alcohol was immiscible with water because it is an smelling(p) alcohol. fermentation alcohol was the approximately miscible alcohol followed by tert-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, and n-butyl alcohol. ethyl alcohol exhibited fleet solubility because it has unaccompanied 2 carbon atoms as compared to the butanol derivatives having tetrad carbon atoms. Tert-butyl alcohol was the most(prenominal) miscible among the butanol derivatives because it has the most bifurcate substituents model. 2. Lucas judgeThe quaternity types of alcohols to wit n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol were separate from each other by way of the Lucas leaven. Lucas analyse differentiates essential, auxiliary, and tertiary alcohols. Reagents apply embroi l anhydrous ZnCl2 and HCl. positivist result was ground on its turbidity or alkyl chloride organization and its rate of the reply. tertiary alcohols formed the second spirit level in less than a minute. indirect coil alcohols ask 5-10 minutes before defining of second layer piece of music primeval alcohols were commonly noble. mental object Condensed morphologic commandment reception -butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH deport etymon(+) Sec-butyl alcohol earn resultant role(+) Tert-butyl alcohol muddy (+++) / Cimmeriansome solving and organisation of ii layers IsopropylAlcohol effloresceSolution(+) sidestep 2. Lucas Test ground on defer 2, it was only tert-butyl alcohol which had in a flash formed two layers or a muddied etymon hence, it was cognize to be a tertiary alcohol. Sec-butyl alcohol and Isopropyl alcohol when subjected to Lucas show resulted to a clear resultant role although theoretically, a standby alcohol dissolves to give a clear re sult then form chlorides which would allot to a swampy tooth root inwardly five minutes. -butyl alcohol was considered as a patriarchal alcohol. It was unreactive but in the end would react after long stop consonant of time. Generally, the shape of responsiveness of the alcohols toward Lucas reagent was 321 because the response rate was much scurrying when the carbocation intermediate was more stabilised by a great number of electron donating alkyl group tie downed to the confirmatory carbon atom. This way that the greater the alkyl groups present in a compound, the instant(prenominal) its chemical reaction would be with the Lucas solvent. 1 run into 16. answer in Lucas Test 3. Chromic window pane Test (Jones oxidation) This quiz was performed on n-butyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, tert-butyl alcohol, benzaldehyde and acetone. The chromic acid stress classifies the iii types of alcohols by oxidizing the alcohol. The running game was overly apply to be able t o furcate aldehydes from ketones. Since primary and supplemental alcohols were similarly oxidize by the chromic acid reagent, this raise was not useful for reciteing aldehydes unless a imperative naming of a carbonyl group has been obtained from the 2,4-DNP political campaign.Chromic acid has an orange-red color cod(p) to the front end of Cr+6 ions, upon oxidation of the aldehyde, the chromium was decreased to Cr+3, which had a commonalty color. A positivist result was indicated by a parkland effect collectable to chromous sulfate, Cr? (SO? )?. 1 From the results, it was noted that the ecesis of an sin teal fault inside 2-3 seconds, accompanied by slicing of the orange color of the reagent, indicates a primary or secondhand alcohol. A primary alcohol oxidizes readily, first to an aldehyde, then to a carboxylic acid.These two oxidation stairs make nose out because the primary alcohol functional group has two C-H bonds that can be downcast thirdhand alcoh ols were oxidate to ketones, a secondary alcohol only has one C-H bond that can be broken, so it can only oxidize once, to a ketone a tertiary alcohol has no C-H bond that can be broken, so it was not change, no matter how square the oxidizing agent was. During the oxidation, the orange-red color of the chromic acid changed to a voluptuous honey oil solution. epitome 17. oxidation of the 3 types of Alcohols The results excessively show that aldehydes gave the aforesaid(prenominal) result but reacted more slowly.With aliphatic aldehydes, the solution turned cloudy in close 5 seconds, and the unclear bluish reverse lightning respite formed inside 30 seconds evocative aldehydes necessary 30-90 seconds or chronic before a break formed. The propagation of some other dark color, peculiarly with the liquid persevere orange, was considered a prejudicious experiment. It was footing that alcohols and aldehydes are oxidised by chromic acid but ketones were not because they dont lead a hydrogen atom attached to their carbonyl group that can be used for oxidation. look 18. oxidisation of Aldehyde mental object Condensed morphological radiation diagram answer -butyl alcohol CH3CH2CH2CH2OH amobarbital sodium putting approach solution(+) Sec-butyl alcohol game commonalty solution(+) Tert-butyl alcohol muddied thistle color solution (+) n-butyraldehyde secular greenSolution (+) Benzaldehyde dark green solution(+) dimethyl ketone thousand solution(-) circumvent 3. receptions to the Chromic sour Test It was spy that all the compounds established gave a palpable despotic result, a blue green solution, except for acetone which had buckle undered to a green solution. 4. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone Test This essay was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde.The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (2,4-DNP) visitation unconquerable the bearing of a carbonyl group in the sample compound. The demonstrate used an organic reactant, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, to distinguish the carbonyl compounds, aldehydes and ketones, from the non-carbonyl compounds, alcohols. The 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent was a unequivocal chickenhearted-bellied solution. When this reagent was subjected in the forepart of a carbonyl compound, a white-livered sloped abrupt would form sequence in the heading of an alcohol, the solution would remain unambiguous white-livered(a) with no sicken formed.The reaction of 2,4-DNP with an aldehyde or ketone was a ejection seat reaction. under(a) less blistering conditions, in this type of reaction, a nucleophile donates a play off of electrons toward the carbonyl carbon forming a undivided bond to it. 2 At the selfsame(prenominal)(p) time the geminate bond amidst the carbonyl carbon and group O give-up the ghosts a single bond as one bonding suspender of electrons in the threefold bond moves to become an undivided pair on the oxygen. The oxygen now has o ne bond to it and it holds three pairs of individual electrons, so it has a controvert charge.Consequently, the oxygen picks up a proton from someplace and becomes an -OH group. The proton from the acid attaches itself to one of the separate pairs of electrons on the oxygen. The carbonyl group now has a +1 charge and is very inviting to even a feeble nucleophile. So, the nucleophile attacks the carbonyl carbon forming a bond and the doubly bonded oxygen of the carbonyl becomes an -OH, as before. 1 bit 19. Nucleophilic addition of 2,4-DNP to acetone. As seen just below, this harvest-time is not usually the one that was isolated. rather this product undergoes an liquidation reaction in which the -OH was remote from the carbon to which it is attached and the hydrogen was remote from the nitrogen immediately to the right, resulting in a double bond surrounded by the nitrogen and carbon and a molecule of water. The final product was cognize as a 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazo ne. That is why this reaction was likewise considered as an excreta reaction. infix 20. exclusion reaction of DNP pulp 21. answer of 2,4-DNP with a carbonylic group shopping centre Condensed geomorphological formula reception n-butyraldehyde icteric- orange flow(+)Benzaldehyde yellowness orange return(+) propanone lily-livered orange fall down(+) put back 4. answers to the 2,4- DNP Test As shown on table 4, it was observed that there was a governance of a yellow orange sicken in all the compounds used. This would then indicate a presence of either an aldehyde or a ketone. 5. Fehlings Test Fehlings streak identify aldehydes and ketones. It was base upon the ability of the aldehyde group to lower the Cu+2 ion of Cu(OH)? , a blue color, to the Cu ion of Cu? O, a dark red color, in the presence of a base.Fehlings solution contains grunter (II) ions interlinking with tartrate ions in sodium hydroxide solution. tinct of the dogshit (II) ions with tartrate ions prevents downfall of grunter (II) hydroxide. Aldehydes crop the coordination compound bull (II) ion to atomic number 29 (I) oxide, ever-changing the color of the solution to brick red or dark green. Because the solution is alkaline, the aldehyde itself is oxidate to a salinity of the corresponding carboxylic acid. 2 In minuscule it knotted a redox reaction wherein aldehyde was oxidate to carboxylic acid and ketones did not undergo oxidation. crap was reduce from Cu2+ to Cu+. persona 22.Oxidation of aldehyde to carboxylic acid through Fehlings adjudicate It was a test for aldehydes. Reagents allow CuSO4, NaOH. A demonstrable result is the formation of brick red effectuate (Cu2O/cupric oxide). This test was performed on acetone, n-butyraldehyde, and benzaldehyde. magnetic core Condensed morphologic canon reaction n-butyraldehyde Brick red come (+) Benzaldehyde Brick red precipitate(+) dimethyl ketone kick the bucket blue solution(-) delay 5. chemical r eactions to the Fehlings Test As shown in add-in 5, n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde exhibited ordained result objet dart acetone exhibited an absence of brick red precipitate.It can be excellentk that n-butyraldehyde and benzaldehyde were both aldehyde. 6. Tollens plate reflect Test Tollens eloquent mirror test was a test for aldehydes. Tollens reagent was an ammoniac solution of silver ion prepared by dissolving silver oxide in ammonia. The facility of the reagent is found on the formation of a silver diamine convoluted that is water soluble in staple fiber solution. In this reaction, the aldehyde was oxidise to a carboxylic acid plot of land the Ag+1was reduced to silver metal, which deposited as a thin movie theatre on the inside progress of the glass.The generic reaction was as follows and was proper(postnominal) for aldehydes. 16 auspicate 23. Oxidation of aldehyde with Tollens reagent cognitive content Condensed morphologic convening Reaction n-butyrald ehyde specie mirror(+) Benzaldehyde argent Mirror(+) dimethyl ketone Clear grayish- blackness solution (-) hold over 6. Reactions to Tollens gold Mirror Test This test was performed on benzaldehyde, acetone and n-butyraldehyde. found on the results seen in table 6, it was conclude that the aldehyde samples produced a silver mirror on the home(a) surface of the test tube since aldehydes were easily oxidise.The ketones sample, acetone, on the other hand, didnt form this mirror bod because of its inability to oxidize due to the lack of a hydrogen atom attached to its carbonyl group that could be used for oxidation. 7. triiodomethane Test iodoform test was a test for methyl carbinol, secondary alcohol with bordering methyl group, and methyl carbonyl. methyl group ketones, but not other ketones, were oxidize by single in sedimentary sodium hydroxide. The ketone was oxidized to a carboxylic acid which yellow iodoform/ precipitate would be formed. It was the yellow pre cipitate formed would be the ground of a supreme result.Acetaldehyde, but not other aldehydes, would yield to a electro imperative result in this test owe to its structural similarity to methyl ketones. It was excessively unbent that ethanol would be oxidized to acetaldehyde and secondary alcohols that could be oxidized to methyl ketones accustomed this test. 2 betoken 24. Oxidation of a methyl ketone nucleus Condensed geomorphologic design Reaction N-butraldehyde lily-livered solution with black precipitate (-) Acetone yellowed precipitate Isopropyl alcohol Yellow precipitate dodge 7. Reaction to the iodoform TestThis test was performed on acetone, n- butyraldehyde and isopropyl alcohol. base on table 7, the results indicate that the methyl ketones of isopropyl alcohol and acetone were oxidized by iodine to carboxylic acids because the compounds formed a yellow precipitate age n-bytraldehyde didnt. It was then reason that compounds with a methyl group neighboring to the carbonyl group would give a positive result in the iodoform test, ethanol and secondary alcohols with the methyl group attached to the same carbon as the OH- group would also give a positive result.During the experiment, the compounds acetaldehyde and acetophenone were not available. This was the reason why results of these compounds in different tests were not observed but based from different informations which were collect from different sources. Acetophenone would give a positive result in the undermentioned test namely 2,4 DNP test and tri-iodomethane test. enchantment acetaldehyde would give a positive result in the side by side(p) test namely Chromic erosive test, 2,4 DNP test, Fehlings test and as well as Tollens gold Mirror test. REFERENCES From books 1Lehman, deception W(2009). practicable extreme alchemy A Problem-Solving appeal to the laboratory Course. focal ratio bill River, rising island of Jersey Pearson Prentice. 2Martin, Stephen F(2011). fun damental chemical science testing ground Experiments Miniscale and Microscale. suffer/ dinero Cengage Learning. 3McMurry, magic(2010). Foundations of fundamental Chemistry, Filipino Edition. Cengage Learning. 4Shriner, Ralph Lloyd (1980). regular appellation of organic Compound A research laboratory manual of arms (6th Ed. ). John Wiley Sons, Inc. in the buff York vanguard Hoffmann Press. From Websites 5Acetophenone. www. chemicalland21. om/industrialchem/solalc/ACETOPHENONE. htm 09/09/11 6Acetone. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/ACETONE. htm 09/09/11 7n-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/NBUTYLALCOHOL. htm 09/09/11 8Sec-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/2-BUTANOL. htm 09/09/11 9Tert-butyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/solalc/TERTBUTYL%20ALCOHOL 09/10/11 10Isopropyl alcohol. www. chemicalland21. com/petrochemical/ISOPROPANOL. htm 09/10/11 11Acetaldehyde. www. ntp. niehs. nih. gov/ntp/ro c/ ordinal/profiles/s001acet. df09/10/11 12n-butyraldehyde. www. chemicalland21. com/industrialchem/organic/N-BUTYRALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 13Benzaldehyde. www. chemicalland21. com/specialtychem/perchem/BENZALDEHYDE. htm 09/10/11 14Solubility of Things. www. solubilityofthings. com/water/alcohols 09/09/11 15Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones. www. ipfw. edu/chem/112/kimble/3-Alcohol%20Aldehyde%20Ketones. pdf 09/10/11 From scientific journals 16Ennis, J. L. and E. S. Shanley. property Nitrides. daybook of chemical substance teaching method (1991) 68, A6. liquid Nitrides. diary of chemical substance pedagogics (1991) 68, A6.